Staggered versus overlap fermions: a study in the Schwinger model with Nf=0,1,2N_f=0,1,2

We study the scalar condensate and the topological susceptibility for a continuous range of quark masses in the Schwinger model with $N_f=0,1,2$ dynamical flavors, using both the overlap and the staggered discretization. At finite lattice spacing the differences between the two formulations become rather dramatic near the chiral limit, but they get severely reduced, at the coupling considered, after a few smearing steps.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, v2: 1 ref corrected, minor change

Rodent habenulo-interpeduncular pathway expresses a large variety of uncommon nAChR subtypes, but only the \u3b13\u3b24 17 and \u3b13\u3b23\u3b24 17 subtypes mediate acetylcholine release

Recent studies suggest that the neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) present in the habenulo-interpeduncular (Hb-IPn) system can modulate the reinforcing effect of addictive drugs and the anxiolytic effect of nicotine. Hb and IPn neurons express mRNAs for most nAChR subunits thus making it difficult to establish the subunit composition of functional receptors. We used immunoprecipitation and immunopurification studies performed in rat, and wildtype (+/+) and \u3b22 knockout (-/-) mice to establish that the Hb and IPn contain significant \u3b22* and \u3b24* populations of nAChR receptors (each of which is heterogeneous). The \u3b24* nAChR are more highly expressed in the IPn. We also identified novel native subtypes (\u3b12\u3b22*, \u3b14\u3b23\u3b22* \u3b13\u3b23\u3b24*, \u3b16\u3b23\u3b24*). Our studies on IPn synaptosomes obtained from +/+ and \u3b12, \u3b14, \u3b15, \u3b16, \u3b17, \u3b22, \u3b23 and \u3b24-/- mice, show that only the \u3b13\u3b24 and \u3b13\u3b23\u3b24 subtypes facilitate acetylcholine (ACh) release. Ligand binding, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting studies in \u3b23-/- mice showed that in the IPn of these mice there is a concomitant reduction of ACh release and \u3b13\u3b24* receptors, while the receptor number remains the same in the Hb. We suggest that in habenular cholinergic neurons the \u3b23 subunit may be important for transporting the \u3b13\u3b24* subtype from the medial habenula (MHb) to the IPn. Overall, these studies highlight the presence of a wealth of uncommon nAChR subtypes in the Hb-IPn system and identify \u3b13\u3b24 and \u3b13\u3b23\u3b24, transported from the Hb and highly enriched in the IPn, as the subtypes modulating ACh release in the IPn

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Intact or Restrictive Atrial Septum A Report From the International Fetal Cardiac Intervention Registry

Research into fetal development and medicin

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Intact or Restrictive Atrial Septum

Research into fetal development and medicin