Enacting risk reduction: an examination of the volitional stages of smoking cessation within Scotland.

This study examines an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in the context of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) as an aid to smoking cessation. An attempt is made to address the intention-behaviour gap identified in the literature by specifically focusing on the role and interrelationships of volitional stages, namely intention, planning and anticipated effort. A convenience sample of 207 female smokers, aged 16-36, provided information about their views, attitudes and volitional behaviour regarding the use of NRT as an aid to smoking cessation. Results of this study show the TPB to be pertinent, accounting for 41% of the variance in intention to use NRT as an aid to smoking cessation. Furthermore, behavioural intention is found to mediate the relationship between the TPB antecedents (attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control) and each of the two volitional elements, planning and anticipated effort. The implications of these findings are discussed

Comportamento de atributos relacionados com a forma da estrutura de Latossolo Vermelho sob sistemas de preparo e plantas de cobertura Structural attributes of a clayey Hapludox cultivated under distinct tillage methods and cover crops

Os sistemas de preparo de solo e de culturas têm influência significativa na estrutura do solo e nos fluxos de água e ar. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do manejo do solo sobre as propriedades relacionadas com estrutura de um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com milho intercalado com plantas de cobertura de verão. Dois experimentos foram realizados em Chapecó (SC), em preparo reduzido (PR), de 1993 a 1998, e preparo convencional (PC), de 1994 a 1998, nos quais foram avaliados três sistemas de cultura: milho + guandu anão, milho + mucuna cinza e milho isolado. Adjacente aos experimentos, foi avaliada uma mata nativa. Em comparação com a mata nativa, os sistemas de preparo modificaram a estrutura do solo, com aumento da densidade e da resistência do solo à penetração e redução da macroporosidade e da porosidade total. Após cinco anos de uso, o PR com milho isolado não recuperou as propriedades relacionadas com a forma da estrutura; entretanto, no sistema milho intercalado com mucuna cinza, notou-se aumento da macroporosidade, porosidade total e condutividade hidráulica saturada, bem como a redução da densidade do solo. Estas melhorias, advindas do uso de plantas de cobertura, não foram observadas no sistema de preparo convencional. O uso de culturas intercalares foi adequado para melhorar a qualidade física desse Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, especialmente pelo maior aporte de resíduos de culturas.<br>Soil tillage and crop systems have significant influence on the soil structure, affecting water and air flow. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects the management has on the soil properties of a Hapludox cultivated with maize intercropped with summer cover crops. Two experiments were carried out in Chapecó, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil under reduced tillage (RT) from 1993 to 1998 and conventional tillage (CT) from 1994 to 1998. Three cropping systems were evaluated under each tillage system: maize + Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), maize + Stilozobiun niveun (mucuna) and maize in monoculture. For comparison purposes the soil of a adjacent native forest was also sampled. In comparison to the native forest, the tillage systems modified the soil structure by increasing the bulk density and penetration resistance and reducing macroporosity and total porosity. After five years of soil use, the reduced tillage with maize in monoculture had not recovered the properties of soil related to its structure while the use of intercropped maize-Stilozobiun niveun increased the soil macropores, total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity and reduced the bulk density. These improvements through the use of summer cover crops were not observed under conventional tillage. The use of intercropped systems improved the soil physical quality of this clayey Hapludox, especially due to the increase in crop residue inputs

Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease

BACKGROUND: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P=0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P=0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P=0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P=0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P=0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. Copyright © 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society