Kemampuan Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal-soal Uraian Terstruktur Pokok Bahasan Teori Kinetik Gas

"> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) kemampuan kognitif yang dilihat dari hasil belajar peserta didik yang kelas XI MAN Model Palangka Raya dalam mengerjakan soal-soal uraian terstruktur pada pokok bahasan Teori Kinetik Gas; dan (2) kesulitan peserta didik dalam mengerjakan soal-soal uraian terstruktur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dalam mengumpulkan datanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen dalam bentuk soal uraian terstruktur. Hasil uji coba soal uraian terstruktur pada kelas XI IA-1 MAN Model Palangka Raya mendapatkan tingkat validitas rata-rata 0,536 dan tingkat reliabilitas soal 0,539 dengan kategori cukup. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) peserta didik yang mampu dan tidak mengalami masalah dalam mengerjakan soal-soal uraian terstruktur berjumlah 18 peserta didik dan 12 peserta didik tidak mampu dan mengalami masalah dalam mengerjakan soal-soal uraian terstruktur. Peserta didik yang mampu mengerjakan soal-soal uraian terstruktur memiliki ketuntasan belajar ≥ batas KKM, yaitu 60% (2) kesulitan peserta didik dalam mengerjakan soal-soal uraian terstruktur terdapat pada penyebutan dan penulisan satuan besaran pada jawaban dengan persentase kesulitan 36,7%, penguasaan operasi hitungan denganpersentase kesulitan 31,4% dan penulisan besaran yang ditanya dalam soal dengan persentase kesulitan 28,6%

Additional file 6: of Production of highly and broad-range specific monoclonal antibodies against hemagglutinin of H5-subtype avian influenza viruses and their differentiation by mass spectrometry

Data from the advanced immunoreactivity studies. Figure S7. The ELISA titration curves of the mAbs against rHA - A/H5N1/Qinghai from a mammalian expression system. Figure S8. The ELISA titration curves of the mAbs against rHA - A/H5N1/Poland from a baculovirus expression system. Figure S9. The ELISA titration curves of the mAbs against rHA - A/H5N1/Poland from a bacterial expression system. Table S11. The concentration values interpolated from the mAb titration curves. Figure S10. Diversity of the mAb reactivities with recombinant H5 hemagglutinin proteins and H5N3 avian influenza virus. Figure S11. Relative reactivity of the mAbs with recombinant H5 hemagglutinin antigens. Figure S12. Relative reactivity of the mAbs with avian influenza viruses. (PDF 422 kb

Influenza viruses used in this work.

<p>Influenza viruses used in this work.</p

Correction: A novel hemagglutinin protein produced in bacteria protects chickens against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses by inducing H5 subtype-specific neutralizing antibodies

<p>Correction: A novel hemagglutinin protein produced in bacteria protects chickens against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses by inducing H5 subtype-specific neutralizing antibodies</p

A novel hemagglutinin protein produced in bacteria protects chickens against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses by inducing H5 subtype-specific neutralizing antibodies

<div><p>The highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause a mortality rate of up to 100% in infected chickens and pose a permanent pandemic threat. Attempts to obtain effective vaccines against H5N1 HPAIVs have focused on hemagglutinin (HA), an immunodominant viral antigen capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies. The vast majority of vaccine projects have been performed using eukaryotic expression systems. In contrast, we used a bacterial expression system to produce vaccine HA protein (bacterial HA) according to our own design. The HA protein with the sequence of the H5N1 HPAIV strain was efficiently expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, recovered in the form of inclusion bodies and refolded by dilution between two chromatographic purification steps. Antigenicity studies showed that the resulting antigen, referred to as rH5-<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>, preserves conformational epitopes targeted by antibodies specific for H5-subtype HAs, inhibiting hemagglutination and/or neutralizing influenza viruses <i>in vitro</i>. The proper conformation of this protein and its ability to form functional oligomers were confirmed by a hemagglutination test. Consistent with the biochemical characteristics, prime-boost immunizations with adjuvanted rH5-<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> protected 100% and 70% of specific pathogen-free, layer-type chickens against challenge with homologous and heterologous H5N1 HPAIVs, respectively. The observed protection was related to the positivity in the FluAC H5 test (IDVet) but not to hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers. Due to full protection, the effective contact transmission of the homologous challenge virus did not occur. Survivors from both challenges did not or only transiently shed the viruses, as established by viral RNA detection in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Our results demonstrate that vaccination with rH5-<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> could confer control of H5N1 HPAIV infection and transmission rates in chicken flocks, accompanied by reduced virus shedding. Moreover, the role of H5 subtype-specific neutralizing antibodies in anti-influenza immunity and a novel correlate of protection are indicated.</p></div

Survival rates in the challenge experiments.

<p>A group of 3-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens denoted 1–1 to 1–10 (Exp 1) and 3½-week-old ones denoted 2–1 to 2–10 (Exp 2) were vaccinated subcutaneously twice at a 4-week interval with 25 μg of rH5-<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Alhydrogel). Three weeks after the boosts, the chickens were inoculated intranasally/intraocularly (in/io) with 10⁶ 50% egg infectious doses (EID₅₀) of (A) clade 2.2 homologous (Exp 1) or (B) clade 1 heterologous (Exp 2) H5N1 HPAIVs, as depicted in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172008#pone.0172008.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. Approximately 24 hours after inoculation, non-vaccinated contact SPF chickens denoted 1-CC-1, 1-CC-2 (Exp 1) and 2-CC-1, 2-CC-2 (Exp 2) were introduced to the tested groups. Untreated, fully susceptible SPF chickens denoted 1-C-1 to 1-C-5 (Exp 1) and 2-C-1 to 2-C-5 (Exp 2) that were infected in/io with challenge viruses at the same age as the vaccinated animals served as positive controls. The data are presented as the survival percentage in the respective groups on each day during the 2-week observation period.</p

Viral RNA detection after challenging the chickens.

<p>The chickens were vaccinated and challenged as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172008#pone.0172008.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. The amount of viral RNA in the (A-B) swabs and (C) organs of chickens after infection with (A, C) homologous (Exp 1) and (B, C) heterologous (Exp 2) H5N1 HPAIVs was determined by quantitative real-time mRT-PCR. Analyses were conducted as described in the Materials and Methods. Viral RNA titers were expressed as log₁₀ eqEID₅₀ (50% egg infectious dose) <i>per</i> milliliter of swabs or gram of tissue. The results for the vaccinated, contact and control chickens in Exp 1 and Exp 2 are presented. For animals that survived the (A) homologous or (B) heterologous challenge, data on viral RNA in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs collected at (A) 3, 7 and 10 (Exp 1) or (B) 3, 7, 10 and 14 (Exp 2) days post-infection (dpi) are provided. The data are completed with results from analyses of (A-B) swab samples and (C) brains, lungs, kidneys and spleens collected postmortem (pm) from chickens that died upon infection at the indicated number of days post-infection. Filled symbols, differentiated between (A-B) oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs or (C) organs, represent the results for individual or pooled samples collected from chickens as indicated by the numbers on the horizontal axes. A value of zero indicates that viral RNA was not detected. Bars represent the Geometric Mean Titers (GMT) of viral RNA in (A, B) oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs and (C) organs collected from individual chicken groups at the subsequent number of days post-infection and/or postmortem. Only virus-positive samples were considered in the GMT calculations.</p

The construction scheme for the expression plasmid pIBAINS.

<p>The resulting expression plasmid pIBAINS contains a hybrid protein SOD::INS gene under the control of the <i>deoP1P2</i> promoter. Abbreviations used: Amp^R, ampicillin resistant; Tet^R, tetracycline resistant; trpA—transcription terminator trpA; SOD, superoxide dismutase gene; A chain, B chain—chains of human insulin gene; ORI, replication origin.</p

Soluble insulin analogs combining rapid- and long-acting hypoglycemic properties – From an efficient <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> expression system to a pharmaceutical formulation - Fig 4

<p><b>a-d. The influence of multiple dose administration of tested insulin analogs (GKR, GEKR, SR and AKR) positive (insulin glargine or insulin detemir) and negative (0.9% NaCl) controls on glucose concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, together with the period after termination of analogs administration. Mean glycemia (± SEM).</b> Star–statistical significance (p<0.05) confirmed in a Newman-Keuls between one of the tested groups (GKR, GEKR, SR or AKR) and a negative control group (0.9% NaCl) at the individual sampling time point. Diamond–statistical significance (p<0.05), confirmed in a Newman-Keuls test during the administration period or in a t-test after stopping insulin administration, between one of the tested groups (GKR, GEKR, SR or AKR) and a positive control (insulin glargine or detemir) at the individual sampling time point. N–Number of tested animals per group.</p

Physicochemical properties of insulin analogs.

<p>Physicochemical properties of insulin analogs.</p