Trends in Lakeshore Zone Development: A Comparison of Polish and Hungarian Lakes over 30-Year Period

(1) Background: This paper presents the land use and land cover change processes in the lakeshore zone in Poland and Hungary during 30 years. (2) Methods: Land use and land cover (LU/LC) maps were prepared using topographic maps and orthophotograph maps scaled 1:10,000. The study based on GIS data and field research. (3) Results: A significant increase in the area occupied by tourist and recreational infrastructure and forests in the lake shore zone was found in both countries. In Poland, this increase occurred mainly at the expense of arable land, which was a positive phenomenon. In Hungary, however, the main threat to the lakeshore zone was the increase of built-up area at the expense of semi-natural area. While the decrease in arable land was positive from an environmental point of view, the main threat to the Hungarian lake shore zone was the increase in built-up areas at the expense of semi-natural land. The results showed a positive correlation between the area of urbanized land and the area occupied by tourist and recreational buildings on the Polish lakes. There was no such correlation at the Hungarian lakes. (4) Conclusions: The most beneficial change in land cover for the lakes was the increase in forest area in the lake shore zone in both countries studied. Taking into account the results of previous studies, three main trends of changes in land cover and land use in the lakeshore zone were identified. These results shed new light on the problem of land use around lakeshores

The analysis of Olsztyn Forest District activitiy in the context of forest tourism and forest education developmet in 2009-2015

Nature-based tourism is the fastest growing tourism sector not only nationally, but also globally. Forest tourism are very attractive and unique type of naturebased tourism. The main aim of this study was to examine the use of forests for the purposes of tourism and recreation in Olsztyn Forest District, based on an analysis of activities carried out by foresters. Olsztyn Forest District lies in the Province of Warmia and Mazury, in the vicinity of Olsztyn, the capital city of the province. The surface area of this District is almost 16 thousand ha. Olsztyn Forest District belongs to the Forest Promotional Complex called the Olsztyn Forests, which covers the areas of two forest districts: Kudypy and Olsztyn. Olsztyn Forest District is composed of 10 forestries. The attractiveness of the forest district consists of natural values (including two nature reserves, two Natura 2000 areas, three areas of protected landscape and five natural monuments) and cultural values, i.e. the chapels, gothic churches and historic cemeteries. Olsztyn Forest District has created four educational trails along key features. There are also a nordic-walking trail and a part of the trail for horse riding. The most popular type of educational activities organized by Olsztyn Forest District in 2009-2015 were happenings and educational events. The interest among children and their participation in various forms of recreation and forest education has risen over the past years in connection with increasing number of the Forest Distirict’s employees involved in the organization of such recreational and educational activities. The participation of adult persons has remained on a stable level. With the knowledge of forest ecosystems and the trends of the modern tourism market, foresters could educate tourists on the value of forest heritage

Land Use and Land Cover Pattern as a Measure of Tourism Impact on a Lakeshore Zone

Lakes provide different ecosystem services, including those related to tourism and recreation. Sustainable development principles should be respected in lake tourism planning. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of tourism on the lakeshore zone in a typical post-glacial Lakeland in Northern Poland (Central Europe). An explanatory analysis of the distribution of individual spatial factor values was performed using the SHapley Additive exPlanations algorithm (SHAP). In a first step, the aim was to select a Machine Learning model for modelling based on Shapley values. The greater or lesser influence of a given factor on the tourism function was measured for individual lakes. The final results of ensemble modelling and SHAP were obtained by averaging the results of five random repetitions of the execution of these models. The impact of tourism on the lakeshore zone can be much more accurately determined using an indirect method, by analysing the tourism and recreational infrastructure constantly present there. The values of the indices proposed in the study provide indirect information on the number of tourists using the tourist and recreational facilities and are a measure of the impact of tourism on the lakeshore zone. The developed methodology can be applied to the majority of post-glacial lakes in Europe and other regions of the world in order to monitor the threats resulting from shore zone exploitation. Such studies can be an appropriate tool for management and planning by the relevant authorities

Correlation between catchment land use/cover and macrophyte assessment of lake ecological status

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) provides the basis for developing a system to protect and restore the aquatic environment. Macrophytes are one of the groups of organisms for determining ecological status of lakes. Using partial least squares regression (PLS-R), we showed relationships between conductivity and chlorophyll a (to a lesser extent nutrient concentrations) and Ecological State Macrophyte Index (ESMI) values. However, catchment land use/cover (LU/LC) appears to be the important factor affecting macrophyte diversity as expressed by ESMI. The presence of significant correlations was found for the catchment area determined from surface runoff using the platform SCALGO Live, based on a permanently updated numerical terrain model and an accurate land use/cover database used in Poland BDOT10k. The Corine Land Cover (CLC) database commonly used in the EU appeared to be of insufficient resolution. We have shown a high positive impact of the presence of wetlands and reservoirs in the catchment on ESMI values and negative for agricultural and urbanized areas. Obtaining information on lake catchment land use and land cover is costless. Relating LU/LC to lake macrophyte assessment methods allows this no-cost method to be included in the set of biological methods for assessing lake condition. Understanding the factors that determine the condition of lakes is fundamental to managing them according to the requirements of the WFD. The results of our study indicate that the integration of lake catchment area planning with lake water management is imperative

POLISH JOURNAL OF NATURAL SCIENCES EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY IN RELATIONSHIP TO BOTTOM AREAS ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF COMMON BARBEL BARBUS BARBUS (L.) LARVAE* WPŁYW ZAGĘSZCZENIA OBSADY NA JEDNOSTKĘ POWIERZCHNI NA WZROST I PRZEŻYWALNOŚĆ LARW BRZANY,

K e y w o r d s: common barbel, Barbus barbus, larviculture, controlled rearing, stocking density, larval development. A b s t r a c t An experiment was carried out concerning the effect of the initial stocking density per area unit on the growth and survival of the common barbel, Barbus barbus, larvae under controlled conditions. During the 21 days of rearing, the effect of fish stocking density between 2500 and 6250 individuals m -2 was determined. Water temperature was 25 o C throughout the experimental period. Fish were fed on live Artemia sp. nauplii. During the experiment, the mean total length (TL) of larvae as well as their weight (W) and survival were measured. On the basis of the obtained data, specific growth rate (SGR), Fulton condition coefficient (K) and fish biomass per area unit were calculated. The developmental stage of larvae was also determined. This study proved that initial stocking density of larvae does not affect survival, developmental stage or growth parameters. In all experimental treatments survival rate exceeded 98%. On the last day of rearing, all fish reached juvenile stage and TL of 28.5-30.2 mm. SGR ranged from 14.2 to 15% day -1 . The analysis of variance did not reveal statistical differences between the groups (P>0.05) for each measured parameter. The results obtained in this study indicate the possibility of a significant increase in the production intensity of fry-stocking material of the common barbel under controlled conditions, which should positively affect the economic effectiveness of rearing. A b s t r a k t Przeprowadzono eksperyment dotyczący wpływu początkowego zagęszczenia larw w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni na wzrost i przeżywalność brzany Barbus barbus w warunkach kontrolowanych. Badano zagęszczenie ryb od 2500 do 6250 osobn. m -2 . Doświadczenie trwało 21 dni. Podchów prowadzono w temperaturze 25 o C. Pokarm ryb stanowiły żywe naupliusy Artemii sp. W czasie trwania eksperymentu notowano średnią długość całkowitą larw (TL), masę (W) oraz przeżywalność. Z uzyskanych danych wyliczono specyficzne tempo wzrostu (SGR), współczynnik kondycji Fultona (K) oraz biomasę ryb uzyskaną z jednostki powierzchni. Stopień zaawansowania rozwojowego larw określono na podstawie zgromadzonej dokumentacji. Dowiedziono, że początkowe zagęszczenie larw nie wpływa na przeżywalność, stopień zaawansowania rozwojowego oraz parametry podchowu. We wszystkich wariantach eksperymentalnych przeżywalność przekroczyła 98%. W ostatnim dniu podchowu wszystkie ryby osiągnęły stadium juwenilne dla średniej TL 28.45-30.20 mm. SGR wynosił 14.15-14.99% dzień -1 . W analizie wariancji nie wykazano różnic statystycznych między grupami (P>0.05). Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na możliwość znacznego zwiększenia intensywności produkcji materiału zarybieniowego brzany w warunkach kontrolowanych. Powinno to pozytywnie wpłynąć na ekonomiczną efektywność podchowu