Meteorological data of experimental field station in Bad Lauchstädt, Germany

Continuously measured weather data are of utmost importance for ecological and environmental field experiments in Bad Lauchstädt, Germany. For this reason, data were collected from different sources: i) handwritten records from weather stations at the experimental sites, ii) records from meteorological service of German Democratic Republic and iii), German Meteorological Service [Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD]. The DWD had digitalized handwritten data before their recording started in 1991 and was therefore able to publish data going back to 1947. Historical data before 1947 are not yet published. Thus, starting in 2007 until 2018, the DWD did not operate their own weather station on site. The data of this publication intend to complete the time periods before 1947 and between 2007 and 2018 in a long-term data series. Our complete available data sets of extent weather information on site (1896-1955; 1997-2018) are presented additionally

Meteorological data (1997-2018) of experimental field station in Bad Lauchstädt, Germany

The considered data set contains measurements of 4 automatic weather stations from 1997 until 2018 installed by Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH. Here, the main station corresponded to typical sensor technology and equipment of the German Meteorological Service [Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD]. These data were quality-checked and processed as daily values. As far as possible, erroneous values were replaced by means of other stations on site. Very short failures could be supplemented by interpolation or averaging. Hence, values of measured variable can originate from different stations. However, only one value for each measured variable is provided for every day within the table. A unique label for individual weather stations is used to identify the exact origin of data

Historical meteorological data (1896 – 1955) of experimental field station in Bad Lauchstädt, Germany

The historical weather data from 1896 to 1955 complete the long-term series of measurements of the weather data of Bad Lauchstädt. Values are available for air temperature and precipitation as pentad values (sum values of 5 days). Unfortunately, the exact origin of the data, as well as the measurement method and the quality of the data cannot be described. The data were digitalized on basis of original records of the experimental station and documents of the Central Office of the German Meteorological Service [Deutscher Wetterdienst] (see reference Hoffmann et al.). The data were checked for plausibility, but a residual uncertainty still remains. Nevertheless, the data represent an important contribution to a complete weather description at the site of Bad Lauchstädt. With the help of these data, evaluations and modelling of long-term experiments are possible

Biogas production and changes in soil carbon input - A regional analysis

The inclusion of biogas production into the agricultural system has modified crop management and as a result the soil organic carbon (SOC) cycle of the agricultural landscape. To evaluate the effects for the German federal state of Saxony this study determines: (1) the share of agricultural land required for biogas production, (2) the change in regional carbon input fluxes to soil during the time of the establishment of the biogas production considering also the quality of sources of different fresh organic matter (FOM) for the formation of SOC and (3) the differences in carbon input to SOC between the area influenced by biogas production (here “biogas fingerprint area” (BFA)) and the surrounding arable land. Based on the location of biogas plants the region was subdivided into biomass providing units (BPUs) where a part of the arable land was considered as affected by biogas production (BFA). We hypothesized that each biogas plant uses a specific substrate mix according to its capacity. The carbon fluxes for each BPU were estimated for the years 2000 (without biogas plants) and 2011 (with biogas plants). For the year 2011, the analysis included the area demand for production of biogas feedstock and digestate recycling. On average 17.6% of the BPU agricultural land was required to supply the biogas plants and dispose of their digestate. Per kilowatt installed electrical capacity this equates to 2.0 ha, including inter alia 0.4 ha for energy crops. Highest area requirements have been observed for biogas plants with <500 kW installed capacity. Between 2000 and 2011 the total carbon flux into soil increased by 2.1%. When considering the quality of different FOM sources the gain in carbon input was 2.8%. The BFAs showed higher carbon input to soil than the surrounding agricultural land due to high contributions from digestate and crop residues (esp. agricultural grass). This compensated the low carbon input from crop by-products (e.g. straw)

Responses of soil water storage and crop water use efficiency to changing climatic conditions: A lysimeter-based space-for-time approach

Future crop production will be affected by climatic changes. In several regions, the projected changes in total rainfall and seasonal rainfall patterns will lead to lower soil water storage (SWS) which in turn affects crop water uptake, crop yield, water use efficiency, grain quality and groundwater recharge. Effects of climate change on those variables depend on the soil properties and were often estimated based on model simulations. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of key variables in four different soils and for two different climates in Germany with different aridity index: 1.09 for the wetter (range: 0.82 to 1.29) and 1.57 for the drier climate (range: 1.19 to 1.77), by using high-precision weighable lysimeters. According to a “space-for-time” concept, intact soil monoliths that were moved to sites with contrasting climatic conditions have been monitored from April 2011 until December 2018.Evapotranspiration was lower for the same soil under the relatively drier climate whereas crop yield was significantly higher, without affecting grain quality. Especially "non-productive" water losses (evapotranspiration out of the main growing period) were lower which led to a more efficient crop water use in the drier climate. A characteristic decrease of the SWS for soils with a finer texture was observed after a longer drought period under a drier climate. The reduced SWS after the drought remained until the end of the observation period which demonstrates carry-over of drought from one growing season to another and the overall long term effects of single drought events. In the relatively drier climate, water flow at the soil profile bottom showed a small net upward flux over the entire monitoring period as compared to downward fluxes (ground water recharge) or drainage in the relatively wetter climate and larger recharge rates in the coarser- as compared to finer-textured soils. The large variability of recharge from year to year and the long lasting effects of drought periods on SWS imply that long term monitoring of soil water balance components is necessary to obtain representative estimates. Results confirmed a more efficient crop water use under less optimal soil moisture conditions. Long-term effects of changing climatic conditions on the SWS and ecosystem productivity should be considered when trying to develop adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector

Responses of soil water storage and crop water use efficiency to climate change

Future food production is expected to be affected by climate change, because it will alter the crop water balance components, such as water storage, evapotranspiration and drainage. Variations in weather conditions could explain more than 50% of the variability of wheat yield. Higher temperatures and lower rainfall amounts mainly limit the actual evapotranspiration and reduce soil water storage, which in turn affect crop yield and water use efficiency. To study these effects, soil monoliths were moved to sites with contrasting climatic conditions (space for time concept) and monitored. In this contribution, yield, evapotranspiration, and changes in soil water storage from lysimeters soils for a period from 2011 until 2017 were analyzed. Data were obtained from a German wide monitoring network of lysimeter stations (TERENO-SOILCan), which was established across a rainfall and temperature transect, and lysimeters were transferred between the stations to subject them to different climate regimes. A uniform crop management (crop type, fertilizer, growth regulator, tillage, and use of pesticides) and crop rotation allows investigating the response of soil water storage and cropping water use efficiency for different soil types to a change in climate conditions. Main results showed a characteristic decrease of water availability of soils with a finer texture and smaller pores under drier and warmer climate conditions. The drier and warmer climate significantly increase crop yield and reduce at the same time evapotranspiration. This result confirms a more efficient use of water by plants under less optimal water availability in the root zone

Responses of soil water storage and crop water use efficiency to changing climatic conditions: a lysimeter-based space-for-time approach

Future crop production will be affected by climatic changes. In several regions, the projected changes in total rainfall and seasonal rainfall patterns will lead to lower soil water storage (SWS), which in turn affects crop water uptake, crop yield, water use efficiency (WUE), grain quality and groundwater recharge. Effects of climate change on those variables depend on the soil properties and were often estimated based on model simulations. The objective of thisstudy was to investigate the response of key variables in four different soils and for two different climates in Germany with a different aridity index (AI): 1.09 for the wetter (range: 0.82 to 1.29) and 1.57 for the drier (range: 1.19 to 1.77) climate. This is done by using high-precision weighable lysimeters. According to a “space-for-time” (SFT) concept, intact soil monoliths that were moved to sites with contrasting climatic conditions have been monitored from April 2011 until December 2017.Evapotranspiration (ET) was lower for the same soil under the relatively drier climate, whereas crop yield was significantly higher, without affecting grain quality. Especially “non-productive” water losses (evapotranspiration out of themain growing period) were lower, which led to a more efficient crop water use in the drier climate. A characteristic decrease of the SWS for soils with a finer texture was observed after a longer drought period under a drier climate. The reduced SWS after the drought remained until the end of the observation period which demonstrates carry-over of drought from one growing season to another and the over all long-term effects of single drought events. In the relatively drier climate, water flow at the soil profile bottom showed a small net upward flux over the entire monitoring period as compared to downward fluxes (groundwater recharge) or drainage in the relatively wetter climate and larger recharge rates in the coarser- as compared to finer-textured soils. The large variability of recharge from year to year and the long-lasting effects of drought periods on the SWS imply that long-term monitoring of soil water balance components is necessary to obtain representative estimates. Results confirmed a more efficient crop water use under less-plant-available soil moisture conditions. Long-term effects of changing climatic conditions on the SWS and ecosystem productivity should be considered when trying to develop adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector

Do we know our soil's water cycle well?

Water and matter fluxes in the critical zone are controlled by complex environ-mental processes. For example, dynamic soil structure interacting with land man-agement and bio-geo-chemical processes during plant growth affecting both soil water storage and conductivity functions. High precision weighable lysimeters allow quantification of water and nutrient cycling in the soil, plant development, and often neglected processes at night, such as dew formation or evapotranspiration. Highly precise and temporally resolved data from weighable lysimeters consider feedbacks across the entire hydrological cycle, from the soil to the atmosphere, allowing for a more holistic understanding the dynamics of water flow and solute transport (nutri-ents or contaminants) in soil. Data regarding the soil water balance will be compared from different landscapes and networks (e.g., TERENO SOILCan, SUPREHILL and WET-ARID) that are important for understanding the hydrological cycle and for stud-ying land-atmosphere interactions. The presented holistic datasets are crucial for developing and calibrating models, as well as for the quantification of soil-vegetation-atmosphere processes under real field conditions

Local Intra-arterial Vasodilator Infusion in Non-Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia Significantly Increases Survival Rate

Purpose!#!To investigate the outcome of local intra-arterial papaverine infusion therapy in patients with non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI), and factors influencing survival, in comparison with a conservative approach.!##!Methods!#!From 2013 to 2019, patients with NOMI confirmed by imaging were included in a retrospective two-center study. According to different in-house standard procedures, patients were treated in each center either conservatively or interventionally by a standardized local infusion of intra-arterial papaverine into the splanchnic arteries. Thirty-day mortality and factors influencing the outcome, such as different demographics and laboratories, were compared between groups using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression, respectively.!##!Results!#!A total of 66 patients with NOMI were included, with n = 35 treated interventionally (21 males, mean age 67.7 ± 12.3 years) and n = 31 treated conservatively (18 females, mean age 71.6 ± 9.6 years). There was a significant difference in 30-day mortality between the interventional (65.7%; 12/35 survived) and the conservative group (96.8%; 1/31 survived) (hazard ratio 2.44; P = 0.005). Thresholds associated with a worse outcome of interventional therapy are &amp;gt; 7.68 mmol/l for lactate, &amp;lt; 7.31 for pH and &amp;lt;  - 4.55 for base excess.!##!Conclusion!#!Local intra-arterial papaverine infusion therapy in patients with NOMI significantly increases survival rate in comparison with conservative treatment. High lactate levels, low pH and high base excess, and high demand for catecholamines are associated with a poor outcome.!##!Level of evidence!#!Level III