Synthèse d'analogues fucose-méthylés du sialyl Lewis X

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.Ce mémoire présente la synthèse diastéréosélective de dérivés méthylés du fucose en position 2 et 3, ainsi que la synthèse d'analogues du sialyl Lewis X. Ces ligands, spécifiques aux sélectines, serviront d'outils biochimiques et pharmacologiques pour vérifier l'importance des sélectines dans la modulation du processus inflammatoire. Les synthèses totales qui sont présentées utilisent différentes méthodes chimiques modernes. Dans un premier temps, les positions 2 et 3 du fucose sont isolées à l'aide de groupements protecteurs. Les techniques utilisées impliquent la chimie des acétals et des acétals d'étain. En second lieu, les groupements hydroxyles isolés en position 2 et 3 du fucose sont oxydés en cétones, puis convertis en méthylènes. Les réactions étudiées sont la méthylation de ces cétones et aussi l'époxydation de ces méthylènes l'ouverture des époxydes obtenus conduisant à des fucoses méthylés. Le contrôle stéréochimique des réactions de méthylation est fait par chélation et aussi à l'aide d'acides de Lewis encombrés. Les époxydations sont éffectuées avec des peroxydes, des peracides et des dioxyranes pour vérifier la stéréosélectivité de ces réactifs sur les substrats étudiés. Les couplages glycosidiques sont réalisés avec des thiofucosides et aussi avec des trichloroacétimidates. La stéréochimie du carbone anomère est régie par les mécanismes de la paire d'ions et la participation du groupement voisin. Enfin, les composés synthétisés sont testés pour déterminer leur activité dans un test in vitro consistant en une inhibition de l'adhésion de cellules tumorales HL-60 sur les sélectines E et P

Nanonization of megestrol acetate by laser fragmentation in aqueous milieu

Faculté de PharmacieNanonization is a simple and effective method to improve dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility. There is growing interest to downscale the nanocrystal production to enable early preclinical evaluation of new drug candidates when compound availability is scarce. The purpose of the present study was to investigate laser fragmentation to form nanosuspensions in aqueous solution of the insoluble model drug megestrol acetate (MA) using very little quantities of the drug. Laser fragmentation was obtained by focusing a femtosecond (fs) or nanosecond (ns) laser radiation on a magnetically stirred MA suspension in water or aqueous solution of a stabilizing agent. The size distribution and physicochemical properties of the drug nanoparticles were characterized, and the in vitro dissolution and in vivo oral pharmacokinetics of a laser fragmented formulation were evaluated. A MA nanosuspension was also prepared by media milling for comparison purpose. For both laser radiations, smaller particles were obtained as the laser power was increased, but at a cost of higher degradation. Significant nanonization was achieved after a 30-min fs laser treatment at 250 mW and a 1-h ns laser treatment at 2500 mW. The degradation induced by the laser process of the drug was primarily oxidative in nature. The crystal phase of the drug was maintained, although partial loss of crystallinity was observed. The in vitro dissolution rate and in vivo bioavailability of the laser fragmented formulation were similar to those obtained with the nanosuspension prepared by media milling, and significantly improved compared to the coarse drug powder. It follows that this laser nanonization method has potential to be used for the preclinical evaluation of new drug candidates.IRSC - CRNS

Selectins Ligand Decorated Drug Carriers for Activated Endothelial Cell Targeting

New active particulate polymeric vectors based on branched polyester copolymers of hydroxy-acid and allyl glycidyl ether were developed to target drugs to the inflammatory endothelial cell surface. The hydroxyl and carboxyl derivatives of these polymers allow grafting of ligand molecules on the polyester backbones at different densities. A known potent nonselective selectin ligand was selected and synthesized using a new scheme. This synthesis allowed the grafting of the ligand to the polyester polymers, preserving its binding activity as assessed by docking simulations. Selectin expression on human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) was induced with the pro-inflammatory bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or with the nonselective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase L-NAME. Strong adhesion of the ligand decorated nanoparticles was evidenced in Vitro on activated HUVEC. Binding of nanoparticles bearing ligand molecules could be efficiently inhibited by prior incubation of cells with free ligand, demonstrating that adhesion of the nanoparticles is mediated by specific interaction between the ligand and the selectin receptors. These nanoparticles could be used for specific drug delivery to the activated vascular endothelium, suggesting their application in the treatment of diseases with an inflammatory component such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer

A population pharmacokinetic model for sertraline in women during the perinatal period-A contribution from the ConcePTION project.

AIMS Sertraline is frequently prescribed for mental health conditions in both pregnant and breastfeeding women. According to the limited available data, only small amounts of sertraline are transferred into human milk, yet with a large amount of unexplained interindividual variability. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model to describe the pharmacokinetics of sertraline during the perinatal period and explain interindividual variability. METHODS Pregnant women treated with sertraline were enrolled in the multicenter prospective cohort SSRI-Breast Milk study. A popPK model for sertraline maternal plasma and breast milk concentrations was developed and allowed estimating the milk-to-plasma ratio (MPR). An additional fetal compartment allowed cord blood concentrations to be described. Several covariates were tested for significance. Ultimately, model-based simulations allowed infant drug exposure through placenta and breast milk under various conditions to be predicted. RESULTS Thirty-eight women treated with sertraline were included in the study and provided 89 maternal plasma, 29 cord blood and 107 breast milk samples. Sertraline clearance was reduced by 42% in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers compared to other phenotypes. Doubling milk fat content increased the MPR by 95%. Simulations suggested a median daily infant dosage of 6.9 μg kg-1 after a 50 mg maternal daily dose, representing 0.95% of the weight-adjusted maternal dose. Median cord blood concentrations could range from 3.29 to 33.23 ng mL-1 after maternal daily doses between 25 and 150 mg. CONCLUSIONS Infant exposure to sertraline, influenced by CYP2C19 phenotype and breast milk fat content, remains low, providing reassurance regarding the use of sertraline during pregnancy and breastfeeding