Trade and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: South-South Trade Matter

The relationship between trade liberalization and inequality has received considerable attention in recent years. The primary purpose of this paper is to present new results on the sources of wage inequalities in manufacturing taking into account South-South (S-S) trade. Globalization not only leads to increasing North-South (N-S) trade, but the direction and composition of trade has also changed. More trade is carried out between developing countries. We observe increasing wage inequality is more due to the South-South trade liberalization than to the classical trade liberalization with northern countries. The second purpose is to elucidate the link between the direction of trade and technological change, arguing that it might explain why we obtain different results for South-South trade and North-South trade on wage inequality. A part of this increasing wage inequality due to S-S trade comes from the development of N-S trade relationship in S-S trade which increases wage inequality in middle income developing countries. However the fact that S-S trade is more skill intensive sector oriented increase wage inequality for all developing countries.international trade, Wage Inequality, Skill-biased technical change

Instability driven formation of domains in the intermediate state of type-I superconductors

The formation of normal-state domains in type-I superconducting indium films is investigated using the high resolution magneto-optical imaging technique. The observed patterns consist of coexisting circular and lamellar normal-phase domains surrounded by the superconducting phase. The distribution of domain surface areas is found to exhibit a threshold, above which only the lamellar shape is observed. We show that this threshold coincides with the predicted critical surface area for the elongation instability of the circular shape. The partition of the normal phase into circular and lamellar domains is determined by the combined effects of the elongation instability and the penetration of magnetic flux by bursts at the early stage of pattern formation. It is not governed by mutual interactions between domains, as usually assumed for self-organized systems

Turbulent flow in pulsed extraction columns with internals of discs and rings:Turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate during the pulsation

Turbulent energy parameters of single-phase pulsed flow in an extraction column with internals of immobile discs and rings (doughnuts) are studied. Simulation results are obtained by resolution of Reynolds equations coupled with k–ɛ model of turbulence. As far as pulsed flow is concerned, the evolution of space distribution of turbulent kinetic energy k and its dissipation rate ɛ during the pulsation is thoroughly studied. It is observed that the energy distribution on a contact stage changes periodically from rather homogeneous to highly inhomogeneous depending on instantaneous flow velocity. Significant difference between maximal and mean energy parameters is observed. It is supposed that the discrepancy between simulation and experimental results for the size of drops formed in the turbulent field might be attributed to mean energy presentation that smoothes the peak effects of a pulsed flow. Spatial zones and time intervals of high-turbulent kinetic energy are delimited presuming their dominant role for accurate foreseeing of size of drops in this type of equipment. It is shown that an “effective” energy level should be determined by selection over the high-energy time periods and zones in order to compensate the smoothing effect of mean energy level.The results obtained are useful for the calculation of drop size based on energy level at the stage, which is necessary for the determination of parameters of practical interest such as drop residence time and interphase mass transfer surface

Is the concept of sustainable tourism sustainable? Developing the Sustainable Tourism Benchmarking Tool

Given the complexity of the issues surrounding the concept of sustainable tourism, the current paper tries to provide a unified methodology to assess tourism sustainability, based on a number of quantitative indicators. The proposed methodological framework (Sustainable Tourism Benchmarking Tool – STBT) will provide a number of benchmarks against which the sustainability of tourism activities in various countries can be assessed. A model development procedure is proposed: identification of the dimensions (economic, socio-ecologic, infrastructure) and indicators, method of scaling, chart representation and evaluation on three Asian countries. This application to three countries show us that a similar level of tourism activity might induce different sort of improvements to implement in the tourism activity and might have different consequences for the socio-ecological environment. The heterogeneity of developing countries exposed in the STBT is useful to detect the main problem of each country in their tourism activity.

Cloud point extraction of phenol and benzyl alcohol from aqueous stream

Two-aqueous phase extraction of phenol and benzyl alcohol as a solute from their aqueous solutions was investigated using polyethoxylated alcohols (CiEj) as a biodegradable non-ionic surfactant. First, the phase diagrams of the binary systems, water–surfactant (Oxo-C10E3 and Oxo- C13E9), and the pseudo-binary systems, water–surfactant with a constant concentration of solute was determined. The effect of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate on water–surfactant systems were studied. According to the given surfactants concentrations and temperatures, the extraction results were expressed by the following four parameters, percentage of extracted solute, E, which reached 95 and 90% for phenol and benzyl alcohol, respectively, residual concentrations of solute, Xs,w, and the surfactant, Xt,w, in the dilute phase and volume fraction of the coacervate at the equilibrium condition, φc. The values of these parameters were determined by an analyzing central composite designs. After the first extraction process, phenol and benzyl alcohol concentrations in the effluent were reduced about ten times for the first and four times for the second, correspondingly

Regional integration and natural resources : who benefits ? evidence from MENA

This paper builds on theoretical predictions that show that gains from regional integration are unevenly distributed between resource rich and poor countries. It explores the effects of different integration schemes in the Middle East and North Africa. The results suggest that within the Pan Arab Free Trade Agreement, there is significant trade creation for resource poor countries associated with regional integration, and no evidence of trade diversion. In resource rich countries, however, there is evidence of pure trade diversion in both resource-rich/labor-abundant countries and resource-rich/labor-importing countries. This underscores the idea that regional integration can help to spread the benefits of unevenly distributed resource wealth among the region's economies.Free Trade,Trade Law,Trade Policy,Economic Theory&Research,Trade and Regional Integration

Hydrodynamic and mass transfer in inertial gas–liquid flow regimes through straight and meandering millimetric square channels

Heat-exchanger reactors are an important part of process intensification technology. For plate geometries, one solution for intensifying transfer and increasing residence times is to construct two-dimensional meandering channels. Supported by this scientific context, the present work aims at characterising gas–liquid mass transfer in the same square millimetric meandering channel, as in Anxionnaz (2009), this constituted the preliminary step required for performing exothermic gas–liquid reactions. Firstly, the gas–liquid hydrodynamics were characterised for a water/air system. When compared to a straight channel of identical compactness and sectional-area (2×2 mm2), the meandering channel induced (i) a delay in the transition from Taylor to annular-slug regimes, (ii) a rise of 10–20% in bubble lengths while conserving almost identical slug lengths, (iii) higher deformations of bubble nose and rear due to centrifugal forces (bends). Secondly, an original method for verifying the relevancy of the plug flow model and accurately determining kla was used (measurements of concentrations in dissolved oxygen along the channel length). For the Taylor flow regime, kla increased coherently when increasing jg, and the meandering geometry had a small influence. On the contrary, this effect was found no more negligible for the slug-annular flow regime. Whatever the channels, the NTUl remained low, thus showing that, even if millimetric channels allowed to intensify kla, a special attention should be paid for generating sufficient residence times. At identical compactness, the meandering channel was found to be the most competitive. Finally, results on gas–liquid interfacial areas and mass transfer coefficients were confronted and discussed with respect to the predictions issued from the model developed by Van Baten and Krishna (2004)

Corrigendum to "Hydrodynamic and mass transfer in inertial gas-liquid flow regimes through straight and meandering millimetric square channels" [Chem. Eng. Sci. 66 (2011) 2974-2990]

Heat-exchanger reactors are an important part of process intensification technology. For plate geometries, one solution for intensifying transfer and increasing residence times is to construct two-dimensional meandering channels. Supported by this scientific context, the present work aims at characterising gas-liquid mass transfer in the same square millimetric meandering channel, as in Anxionnaz (2009), this constituted the preliminary step required for performing exothermic gas-liquid reactions. Firstly, the gas-liquid hydrodynamics were characterised for a water/air system. When compared to a straight channel of identical compactness and sectional-area (2×2 mm²), the meandering channel induced (i) a delay in the transition from Taylor to annular-slug regimes, (ii) a rise of 10-20% in bubble lengths while conserving almost identical slug lengths, (iii) higher deformations of bubble nose and rear due to centrifugal forces (bends). Secondly, an original method for verifying the relevancy of the plug flow model and accurately determining kla was used (measurements of concentrations in dissolved oxygen along the channel length). For the Taylor flow regime, kla increased coherently when increasing jg, and the meandering geometry had a small influence. On the contrary, this effect was found no more negligible for the slug-annular flow regime. Whatever the channels, the NTUl remained low, thus showing that, even if millimetric channels allowed to intensify kla, a special attention should be paid for generating sufficient residence times. At identical compactness, the meandering channel was found to be the most competitive. Finally, results on gas-liquid interfacial areas and mass transfer coefficients were confronted and discussed with respect to the predictions issued from the model developed by Van Baten and Krishna (2004)

Solid -liquid extraction of andrographolide from plants experimental study, kinetic reaction and model

Solid - liquid extraction is performed from leaves and stems of Andrographis paniculata in ethanol - water solvent, in order to obtain andrographolide. The first part of this work concerns the acquisition of the raw plant geometric and physicochemical characteristics. Then batch experiments are done in order to study the influences of the operating parameters (temperature, nature of the solvent and particles size). Furthermore, the destruction of the solute with high temperature is also studied. In the last part, an two-shape extraction model is proposed and compared with experimental data. This model includes the shape factor of the particles population composed of stems and leaves (cylinders and plates)

Opennes, Inequality, and Poverty: Endowments Matter

Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization, measured by changes in tariff revenues, is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels. Similar, though less robust, results are also obtained when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficients. Taken together, the results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with little education is high raises inequality. Simulation results also suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.International Trade, Income Distribution, Poverty