Innovation und Technologischer Wandel in Österreich

Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScienc

Dialektische Psychologie und Psychoanalyse

Die Gründe für die bisherige Spaltung zwischen Psychoanalyse und Hochschulpsychologie in Deutschland werden zum einen in der mangelnden Auseinandersetzung mit der Nazi-Zeit gesehen, zum anderen in unterschiedlichen Wissenstypen, die man als dialektisch reflexiv versus statisch nomologisch bezeichnen kann. Die Kluft überbrücken könnte eine "dialektische Psychologie", die wegen ihrer Behinderungen durch die herrschenden Dogmen in Ost und West historisch bis jetzt jedoch nur in wenigen Ansätzen hervorgetreten ist. Für eine fruchtbare Verbindung von kognitiver Psychologie (Piagetscher Prägung) beispielsweise und Psychoanalyse muß die implizite Dialektik dieser (und anderer) Ansätze begriffen und explizit ausformuliert werden. Nur so nimmt die Psychologie allmählich die Form eines selbstreflexiven und dialektischen Wissens an, das für die Bewältigung der enormen Herausforderungen der psychologischen und psychotherapeutischen Praxis so dringend benötigt wird.Studied the reasons for the previous separation between psychoanalysis and academic psychology in Germany. The reasons are considered to be a failure to come to terms with the period of Nazi rule, and the different types of knowledge that can be labeled dialectic-reflexive versus static-nomological. The gap could be bridged by a dialectic psychology that, up to the present, has appeared historically in only a few approaches because of the handicaps imposed by the dominant dogmas in East and West. A fruitful link between, for example, cognitive psychology and psychoanalysis requires an understanding and explicit formulation of the implicit dialectics of the two approaches. This is the only way in which psychology will gradually adopt the form of a self-reflexive and dialectic knowledge that is so urgently required to cope with the enormous demands facing the practice of psychology and psychotherapy

Activation of retinal microglia rather than microglial cell density correlates with retinal neovascularization in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Retinal neovascularization has been intensively investigated in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Here, we studied the contribution of microglial cells to vascular regression during the hyperoxic phase and to retinal neovascularization during the hypoxic phase.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the Cx3cr1 promoter labeling microglial cells were kept in 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12. Microglial cell density was quantified at different time points and at different retinal positions in retinal flat mounts. Microglial activation was determined by the switch from ramified to amoeboid cell morphology which correlated with the switch from lectin negative to lectin positive staining of GFP positive cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Microglial cell density was constant in the peripheral region of the retina. In the deep vascular layer of the central region, however, it declined 14 fold from P12 to P14 and recovered afterwards. Activated microglial cells were found in the superficial layer of the central avascular zone from P8 to P12 and from P16 to P18. In addition, hyalocytes were found in the vitreal layer in the central region and their cell density decreased over time.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Density of microglial cells does not correlate with vascular obliteration or revascularization. But the time course of the activation of microglia indicates that they may be involved in retinal neovascularization during the hypoxic phase.</p

Où va la psychothérapie? Des études de psychologie et de science psychothérapeutique en tant que « troisième voie »

In diesem Beitrag wird der Weg der Psychotherapie zu einer eigenständigen Wissenschaft aufgezeigt, ausgehend von der psychotherapeutischen Praxis hin zur „Wissenschaft der Psychotherapie“ bzw. „Psychotherapiewissenschaft“. Diese Entwicklung wird als „dritter Weg“ empfohlen gegenüber einer Integration der Psychotherapie in das gegenwärtige Psychologiestudium (Vorschlag „Direktstudium“) einerseits und andererseits gegenüber einem „Psychotherapiestudium“, das weiterhin seinen eigentlichen Schwerpunkt in der postgraduierten Ausbildung hat (mit dem Psychologiestudium in seiner gegenwärtigen Form als Zulassungskriterium). Gegenüber beiden Positionen lautet unser Kompromissvorschlag „ja, aber…“ Direktstudium der Psychotherapie ja, aber in eigenständigen institutionellen Strukturen; postgraduierte Vertiefung ja, aber nicht auf der Grundlage des bisherigen Psychologiestudiums. Vielmehr ist ein Erststudium der „Psychologie und Psychotherapiewissenschaft erforderlich, das die Psychotherapeuten auf die hohen Anforderungen ihres späteren Berufs in Forschung, Praxis und Theorie vorbereitet.  Schlüsselwörter: Psychotherapie, Psychotherapiewissenschaft, Studium der Psychologie und Psychotherapiewissenschaft,Master of Science PTW, experimentelle Psychologie, Biologische Psychiatrie, Wissenschaftstheorie, ErkenntnistheorieThe way of psychotherapy to a science of its own is being outlined – starting from the practical experience and arriving at an autonomous academic discipline called „Science of Psychotherapy“. This way is being recommended as a „third way“, in contrast to an MBA program in psychology on the one side and a training in psychotherapy restricted to postgraduate studies on the other, nor should a MBA degree in Psychology be the only criterion for admission to postgraduate training in psychotherapy. Instead of Psychology only, the authors recommend and outline a pregraduate program combining Psychology with theory and practice in the new „Science of Psychotherapy“. Such a type of academic pregraduate training according to the authors should be able to prepare psychotherapists in practice, theory and research for the high requirements of their profession.  Keywords: Psychotherapy, Science of Psychotherapy, Curriculum in psychology and the science of psychotherapy, Masterof Sc. in Psychotherapy, experimental psychology, biological psychiatry, scientific theory, epistemologyLa manière dont la psychothérapie est en train de devenir une science autonome est décrite – à partir de l’expérience pratique puis au long de son parcours vers une discipline académique autonome, appelée ‘science psychothérapeutique’. Les auteurs sont favorables à cette « troisième voie », contrastant avec l’intégration de la psychothérapie dans les filières de psychologie (filière directe), mais aussi avec un modèle en deux phases (MBA en psychologie, d’une part, puis formation postgrade en psychothérapie). Par ailleurs, un diplôme de psychologie ne devrait pas être le seul critère d’admission à une filière postgrade. Selon les auteurs, il faudrait mettre en place un compromis : filière directe oui, mais dans le cadre de structures spécifiques ; formation postgrade oui, mais pas sur la base des études de psychologie, telles qu’elles se présentent actuellement. Il faut une filière de base combinant la psychologie avec la théorie et la pratique de la nouvelle ‘science psychothérapeutique’. Ce type de filière universitaire devrait préparer les futurs psychothérapeutes aux exigences de leur profession, que ce soit au niveau pratique, au niveau théorique ou dans le domaine de la recherche.Mots-clés : Psychothérapie, science psychothérapeutique, curriculum de psychologie et de science psychothérapeutique, MSc en psychothérapie, psychologie expérimentale, psychiatrie biologique, théorie scientifique, épistémologi

Kiri Peterburi Teaduste Akadeemiale

Fischer, Ernst Gottfried, 1754-1831, saksa matemaatik ja füüsikSaadab Peterburi TA-le oma töö ja palub sellele hinnangu

Correlation of sensitizing capacity and T-cell recognition within the Bet v 1 family

BackgroundBet v 1 is the main sensitizing allergen in birch pollen. Like many other major allergens, it contains an immunodominant T cell–activating region (Bet v 1142-156). Api g 1, the Bet v 1 homolog in celery, lacks the ability to sensitize and is devoid of major T-cell epitopes.ObjectiveWe analyzed the T-cell epitopes of Mal d 1, the nonsensitizing Bet v 1 homolog in apple, and assessed possible differences in uptake and antigen processing of Bet v 1, Api g 1, and Mal d 1.MethodsFor epitope mapping, Mal d 1–specific T-cell lines were stimulated with overlapping synthetic 12-mer peptides. The surface binding, internalization, and intracellular degradation of Bet v 1, Api g 1, and Mal d 1 by antigen-presenting cells were compared by using flow cytometry. All proteins were digested with endolysosomal extracts, and the resulting peptides were identified by means of mass spectrometry. The binding of Bet v 1142-156 and the homologous region in Mal d 1 by HLA class II molecules was analyzed in silico.ResultsLike Api g 1, Mal d 1 lacked dominant T-cell epitopes. The degree of surface binding and the kinetics of uptake and endolysosomal degradation of Bet v 1, Api g 1, and Mal d 1 were comparable. Endolysosomal degradation of Bet v 1 and Mal d 1 resulted in very similar fragments. The Bet v 1142-156 and Mal d 1141-155 regions showed no striking difference in their binding affinities to the most frequent HLA-DR alleles.ConclusionThe sensitizing activity of different Bet v 1 homologs correlates with the presence of immunodominant T-cell epitopes. However, the presence of Bet v 1142-156 is not conferred by differential antigen processing

Correlated diffusion of membrane proteins and their effect on membrane viscosity

We extend the Saffman theory of membrane hydrodynamics to account for the correlated motion of membrane proteins, along with the effect of protein concentration on that correlation and on the response of the membrane to stresses. Expressions for the coupling diffusion coefficients of protein pairs and their concentration dependence are derived in the limit of small protein size relative to the inter-protein separation. The additional role of membrane viscosity as determining the characteristic length scale for membrane response leads to unusual concentration effects at large separation -- the transverse coupling increases with protein concentration, whereas the longitudinal one becomes concentration-independent.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figure

The effects of mild hypothermia on the electrode insertion trauma in a murine whole organ cochlea culture

IntroductionLocal therapeutic hypothermia (32°C) has been linked experimentally to an otoprotective effect in the electrode insertion trauma. The pathomechanism of the electrode insertion trauma is connected to the activation of apoptosis and necrosis pathways, pro-inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms. In a whole organ cochlea culture setting the effect of therapeutic hypothermia in an electrode insertion trauma model is evaluated.Material and MethodsThe cochleae of C57Bl6/J mice (Charles River®, Freiburg, Germany) are cultured for 24 hours at 37°C and 32°C after inserting a fishing line through the round window simulating an insertion trauma. The resulting effect was evaluated for the apoptotic reaction – B-cell-Lymphoma-2-Associated-X-Protein (BAX), B-Cell-Lymphoma-2-Protein (BCL2) and Cleaved-Caspase-3 (CC3) –, the inflammatory response – Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-Alpha (TNFα), Interleukin-1-Beta (IL-1Imm) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) – and proliferation process – Transforming-Growth-Factor-Beta-1 (TGFβ1) – using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR technique. A minimum of 12 cochlea per experiment were used.ResultsA pro-apoptotic situation was observed in the normothermic group (BAX, CC3 ˃ Bcl2) whereas an anti-apoptotic constellation was found at 32°C culture conditions (BAX, CC3 &lt; Bcl2). Furthermore the effect of the IT knowing to effect the pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα, Il1β) and enzyme (COX2) expression has been reproduced. This reaction was reversed with the application of therapeutic hypothermia resulting in significant lower pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα, Il1β) and enzyme (COX2) expression. TGFβ1 was increased by hypothermia.DiscussionConcluding a protective effect of hypothermia on the experimental electrode insertion trauma can be described by an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory reaction