Analysis of PAPR Reduction in 5G communication

The goal of this thesis is to analyze PAPR reduction performance in 5G communication. 5G communication technology is beyond 4G and LTE technology and expected to be employed around 2020. Research is going on for standardization of 5G technology. One of the key objective of 5G technology is to achieve high data rate (10Gbps). For this a large bandwidth is needed. Since limited frequency resources are available, the frequency spectrum should be efficiently utilized to obtain high data rate. Also to utilize white space, cognitive radio networks are needed. In cognitive radio network very low out of band radiation is desired. OFDM is used in 4G communication but it has the drawback of low spectral efficiency and high out of band radiation, which makes it a poor choice for 5G communication. So for 5G communication new waveform is required. FBMC, UFMC, GFDM are some of the waveform candidates for 5G communication. FBMC is a potential candidate for 5G communication and it is used in many 5G projects around the world. In this thesis FBMC is used as a waveform candidate for 5G communication. High PAPR is always a problem in multicarrier communication system. FBMC is also a multicarrier communication system, so it also suffers from high PAPR problem. To reduce the PAPR several PAPR reduction techniques have been proposed over the last few decades. Tone injection and companding are two promising techniques, which are used in PAPR reduction of multicarrier communication system. In this thesis a combined scheme of tone injection and companding is used, which gives significant performance improvement compared to the tone injection and companding techniques taken separately. Simulation is performed to analyses the PAPR and BER performance of FBMC-FMT and FBMC-SMT system. Also a new clipping based PAPR reduction scheme is proposed in this thesis. For this scheme simulation is performed to analyze the PAPR performance of FBMC-FMT, FBMC-SMT and FBMC-CMT system. All the simulations are performed in MATLAB

CLINICAL OUTCOME OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE SCROTAL PAIN AT A TERTIARY RURAL CENTRE IN MAHARASHTRA

Introduction: Acute scrotum is a common reason for emergency consultation. Early scrotal exploration is mandatory if torsion of the testis suspected clinically. Objectives: To study management and clinical outcome of patients admitted with acute scrotal condition. Methods: This was a prospective observational study involving 60 patients hospitalized for Acute scrotum at tertiary rural centre, from September 2014 to September 2016. Patients admitted with complaints of acute pain and swelling of scrotum irrespective of age and gender were included in the study. Patient with painless scrotal swelling and those with chronic scrotal pain were excluded from the study. Patients were monitored post-operatively till discharge and followed for 1 month for any complications. Results: Of the 60 patients in our study, acute epididymo-orchitis (36.6%) was the dominant cause of acute scrotal swelling followed by scrotal abscess (23.3%). 51.6% of the patients were managed conservatively, which were diagnosed as epididymoorchitis and haematocele. 14 patients underwent incision and drainage who diagnosed as scrotal abscess; 7 patients diagnosed as fournier's underwent debridement; 5 underwent orchidectomy or orchidopexy while 3 underwent B/L orchidopexy. Out of 8 cases of torsion of testis, bilateral orchidopexy was done in 3 cases (37.5%) in which we were able to salvage the affected testis. Out of the 60 patients, maximum patients (41 patients) required a hospital stay of 1-10 days. All patients were followed up for a period of 1month after discharge. None of the patients had any serious complications. Conclusion: Acute scrotum can be successfully managed by consevative methods after exclusion of Torsion of testis. Early exploration can salvage the testis in cases of torsion of testis. Key words: Acute orchiepididymitis; Acute scrotal swelling; Fournier's gangrene; Orchidectomy; Orchidopexy; Torsion of testis

Shatkriyakala Concept and its Importance in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Ayurveda aims towards the maintenance of health of a healthy person and helps to curing the diseases of diseased person. Ayurveda suggested various therapeutic approaches for maintaining balances of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. Similarly ayurveda described mentioned different modalities of disease diagnosis and Kriyakala is one such modality which helps to recognize various stages of disease progression. The concept of Kriyakala provides benefits to plant appropriate treatment according to the stage of disease progression. The appropriate measures can be taken to correct the balances of Doshas in particular stages of disease. Ayurveda explored the concept of Shatkriyakala as a “six stages of disease progression” in which the pathogenesis of disease can be assessed in different stages. This article explained six stages of Shatkriyakala, its importance in disease diagnosis and treatment. The modern correlation of Shatkriyakala also described in present article

CLINICAL OUTCOME OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE SCROTAL PAIN AT A TERTIARY RURAL CENTRE IN MAHARASHTRA

Introduction: Acute scrotum is a common reason for emergency consultation. Early scrotal exploration is mandatory if torsion of the testis suspected clinically. Objectives: To study management and clinical outcome of patients admitted with acute scrotal condition. Methods: This was a prospective observational study involving 60 patients hospitalized for Acute scrotum at tertiary rural centre, from September 2014 to September 2016. Patients admitted with complaints of acute pain and swelling of scrotum irrespective of age and gender were included in the study. Patient with painless scrotal swelling and those with chronic scrotal pain were excluded from the study. Patients were monitored post-operatively till discharge and followed for 1 month for any complications. Results: Of the 60 patients in our study, acute epididymo-orchitis (36.6%) was the dominant cause of acute scrotal swelling followed by scrotal abscess (23.3%). 51.6% of the patients were managed conservatively, which were diagnosed as epididymoorchitis and haematocele. 14 patients underwent incision and drainage who diagnosed as scrotal abscess; 7 patients diagnosed as fournier\u27s underwent debridement; 5 underwent orchidectomy or orchidopexy while 3 underwent B/L orchidopexy. Out of 8 cases of torsion of testis, bilateral orchidopexy was done in 3 cases (37.5%) in which we were able to salvage the affected testis. Out of the 60 patients, maximum patients (41 patients) required a hospital stay of 1-10 days. All patients were followed up for a period of 1month after discharge. None of the patients had any serious complications. Conclusion: Acute scrotum can be successfully managed by consevative methods after exclusion of Torsion of testis. Early exploration can salvage the testis in cases of torsion of testis. Key words: Acute orchiepididymitis; Acute scrotal swelling; Fournier\u27s gangrene; Orchidectomy; Orchidopexy; Torsion of testis

Development of a Novel Rapid Immunodiagnostic Kit Based on Flagellar 40 kDa Antigen Epitope for the Detection of Typhoid Fever in Indian Patients

To aid the clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever in India, where most hospitals and primary health centres have no facilities for culture, we report on the development of a novel and rapid immunodiagnostic kit for the direct detection of Salmonella Typhi—specific IgG antibodies against S. Typhi flagellar H antigen. The disease often does not show a specific clinical picture, and can be confused with other febrile illness such as malaria, dengue fever and Staphylococcus aureus. To overcome the problem of cross reactivity specific epitope of the flagellar H antigen was immobilised on the testing kit strip eliminating chances of cross reactivity and false positive results thereby increasing the specificity of the test. Since the immunodiagnostic kit, uses the flagellar H antigen from bacteria present in our country, the antibodies present in the serum of patients of our country will have maximum binding affinity, enhancing the sensitivity of our test kit. The immunodiagnostic kit on analysis gave a positive result with clinically diagnosed typhoid positive patient serum and negative results were obtained with the sera of clinically diagnosed malaria, abscess of Staphylococcus aureus and Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) patients

FUSOGENIC LIPOSOME FOR THE TREATMENT OF FUNGAL MENINGITIS: AN OVERVIEW

Fungal meningitis is an infection which is caused by fungus which spreads through the blood to the spinal cord. People with weakened immunity get this disease easily like persons with AIDs, etc. To make sure the disease is fungal meningitis, a sample is taken from the cerebrospinal fluid and it is sent to the laboratory. Usually, fungal meningitis is not mediated from person to person, but it is caused when a fungi are inhaled from the surrounding and spread into the blood to the central nervous system. Normally medications such as vaccines, IV, and oral suspensions are given to the people for curing fungal meningitis. Commonly used drugs are Amphotericin B and fluconazole oral suspension. Amphotericin B is an antifungal, antiprotozoal, and hydrophobic drug. However, these drugs cannot give a directly as medication therapy for the patients, because it offers toxic effect and side effects, absorption rate is slower, and crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is getting difficult. Adverse effects can be minimized with the application of nanotechnology. Therefore, in human medical services, the availability of molecular nanotechnology will provide rapid progress. Nanoparticle (NP) systems help to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs which has been explained using Noyes–Whitney equations. Nanoparticles offers several advantages as a drug delivery system, such as better drug bioavailability, reduction of dosing frequency enables them for the betterment of diseases, can cross the BBB, and it is very cost-effective. Types of NP include polymeric NP, carbon nanotubes, metallic structures, nanocrystals, and fusogenic liposomes. Fusogenic liposomes are a peculiar class of phospholipid vesicles. The fusogenic liposomes can deliver encapsulated NP into the targeted sites and also can cross the BBB. On comparing with cationic liposomes, fusogenic liposomes are more effective as well as rapid in the drug delivery

Replantation of Nine Fingers in a Patient: A case report

Amputation of multiple fingers of both hands is a rare and serious injury. We report a case of a 41-year-old male patient who presented to Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman, in 2015 with the amputation of nine fingers due to a workplace injury. With two teams working in tandem, all the amputated fingers were re-attached. A total of seven fingers survived and the patient regained reasonable functionality of his hands. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of several finger amputations in Oman.Keywords: Fingers; Traumatic Amputation; Crush Injuries; Replantation; Case Report; Oman

SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SOME BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS

Objective: The objective of the present research investigation involves synthesis and biological evaluation of antidiabetic activity of benzothiazole derivatives.Methods: A novel series of benzothiazole derivatives 7(a-l) were synthesised and synthesised compounds were characterised for different physical and chemical properties like molecular formula, molecular weight, melting point, percentage yield, Rf value, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. The newly synthesised benzothiazole derivatives were subsequently assayed in vivo to investigate their hypoglycemic activity by the alloxan-induced diabetic model in rats. Results: All the synthesised derivatives showed significant biological efficacy. The compound 7d at 350 mg/kg exerted maximum glucose lowering effects whereas 7c showed minimum glucose lowering effects. All the compounds were effective, and experimental results were statistically significant at p<0.01 and p<0.05 level.Conclusion: From the results, it is clear that compound 7d demonstrated potent anti-diabetic activity and would be of better use in drug development to combat the metabolic disorder in future