Special Issue: Guest Editors' Introduction

PORTAL opens 2006 with a special selection of papers focusing on the transformative power of social movements. In an age of globalisation and of ideologies of globalism, we debate sources and potential for alternative scenarios, for ‘other worlds.’ Many commentators have proclaimed this the global age, where humanity lives under one world power, one world market, and one world order. Yet many other worlds find new and fertile ground in this age, flourishing against the norm. Social movements set new agendas, inspire participation and crystalise solidarity. At the centre of contestation, they can create emancipatory knowledges—knowledges for change. In this issue of PORTAL we ask how social movements generate new ways of being, new subjectivities, or new modes of existence. We debate the role of affective meaning, of symbolic action and collective conscience, and discuss the place of reflective action. Contributors debate the dialectics between power and counter-power, and the role of strategic conflict and dialogue. They analyse sources of revolutionary and transformative change, discussing the praxis of counter-globalism

Suppressing Diffusion-Mediated Exciton Annihilation in 2D Semiconductors Using the Dielectric Environment

Atomically thin semiconductors such as monolayer MoS2 and WS2 exhibit nonlinear exciton-exciton annihilation at notably low excitation densities (below ~10 excitons/um2 in MoS2). Here, we show that the density threshold at which annihilation occurs can be tuned by changing the underlying substrate. When the supporting substrate is changed from SiO2 to Al2O3 or SrTiO3, the rate constant for second-order exciton-exciton annihilation, k_XX [cm2/s], is reduced by one or two orders of magnitude, respectively. Using transient photoluminescence microscopy, we measure the effective room-temperature exciton diffusion coefficient in chemical-treated MoS2 to be D = 0.06 +/- 0.01 cm2/s, corresponding to a diffusion length of LD = 350 nm for an exciton lifetime of {\tau} = 20 ns, which is independent of the substrate. These results, together with numerical simulations, suggest that the effective exciton-exciton annihilation radius monotonically decreases with increasing refractive index of the underlying substrate. Exciton-exciton annihilation limits the overall efficiency of 2D semiconductor devices operating at high exciton densities; the ability to tune these interactions via the dielectric environment is an important step toward more efficient optoelectronic technologies featuring atomically thin materials

Efficacy of a Novel Injection Lipolysis to Induce Targeted Adipocyte Apoptosis: A Randomized, Phase IIa Study of CBL-514 Injection on Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Reduction

Background: CBL-514 is a novel injectable drug that may be safe and efficacious for localized abdominal subcutaneous fat reduction. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of CBL-514 in reducing abdominal subcutaneous fat volume and thickness. Methods: This Phase IIa, open-label, random allocation study consisted of a 6-week treatment period and follow-up at 4 and 8 weeks following the last treatment. Participants were randomly allocated to receive 1.2 mg/cm2 (180 mg), 1.6 mg/cm2 (240 mg), or 2.0 mg/cm2 (300 mg) of CBL-514 with up to 4 treatments, each comprising 60 injections into the abdominal adipose layer. Changes in abdominal subcutaneous fat were assessed by ultrasound at follow-up visits. Treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded. Results: Higher doses of CBL-514 (unit dose, 2.0 and 1.6 mg/cm2) significantly improved the absolute and percentage reduction in abdominal fat volume (P < 0.00001) and thickness (P < 0.0001) compared with baseline. Although the COVID-19 pandemic halted some participant recruitment and follow-ups, analysis was unaffected, even after sample size limitations. Conclusions: CBL-514 injection at multiple doses up to 300 mg with a unit dose of 2.0 mg/cm2 is safe, well-tolerated, and reduced abdominal fat volume and thickness by inducing adipocyte apoptosis. Although other procedures exist to treat abdominal fat, they have limitations and may cause complications. At a dose of 2.0 mg/cm2, CBL-514 safely and significantly reduced abdominal fat volume by 24.96%, making it a promising new treatment for routine, nonsurgical abdominal fat reduction in dermatologic clinics. Level of Evidence: 4

Tidal Excitation of Oscillation Modes in Compact White Dwarf Binaries: I. Linear Theory

We study the tidal excitation of gravity modes (g-modes) in compact white dwarf binary systems with periods ranging from minutes to hours. As the orbit of the system decays via gravitational radiation, the orbital frequency increases and sweeps through a series of resonances with the g-modes of the white dwarf. At each resonance, the tidal force excites the g-mode to a relatively large amplitude, transferring the orbital energy to the stellar oscillation. We calculate the eigenfrequencies of g-modes and their coupling coefficients with the tidal field for realistic non-rotating white dwarf models. Using these mode properties, we numerically compute the excited mode amplitude in the linear approximation as the orbit passes though the resonance, including the backreaction of the mode on the orbit. We also derive analytical estimates for the mode amplitude and the duration of the resonance, which accurately reproduce our numerical results for most binary parameters. We find that the g-modes can be excited to a dimensionless (mass-weighted) amplitude up to 0.1, with the mode energy approaching $10^{-3}$ of the gravitational binding energy of the star. This suggests that thousands of years prior to the binary merger, the white dwarf may be heated up significantly by tidal interactions. However, more study is needed since the physical amplitudes of the excited oscillation modes become highly nonlinear in the outer layer of the star, which can reduce the mode amplitude attained by tidal excitation.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure

Charting Galactic Accelerations with Stellar Streams and Machine Learning

We present a data-driven method for reconstructing the galactic acceleration field from phase-space measurements of stellar streams. Our approach is based on a flexible and differentiable fit to the stream in phase-space, enabling a direct estimate of the acceleration vector along the stream. Reconstruction of the local acceleration field can be applied independently to each of several streams, allowing us to sample the acceleration field due to the underlying galactic potential across a range of scales. Our approach is methodologically different from previous works, since a model for the gravitational potential does not need to be adopted beforehand. Instead, our flexible neural-network-based model treats the stream as a collection of orbits with a locally similar mixture of energies, rather than assuming that the stream delineates a single stellar orbit. Accordingly, our approach allows for distinct regions of the stream to have different mean energies, as is the case for real stellar streams. Once the acceleration vector is sampled along the stream, standard analytic models for the galactic potential can then be rapidly constrained. We find our method recovers the correct parameters for a ground-truth triaxial logarithmic halo potential when applied to simulated stellar streams. Alternatively, we demonstrate that a flexible potential can be constrained with a neural network, though standard multipole expansions can also be constrained. Our approach is applicable to simple and complicated gravitational potentials alike, and enables potential reconstruction from a fully data-driven standpoint using measurements of slowly phase-mixing tidal debris.Comment: 32 pages, 10 figures, Submitted for publication. Comments welcome. Code will be made available upon publicatio

An Affine-Invariant Sampler for Exoplanet Fitting and Discovery in Radial Velocity Data

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) proves to be powerful for Bayesian inference and in particular for exoplanet radial velocity fitting because MCMC provides more statistical information and makes better use of data than common approaches like chi-square fitting. However, the non-linear density functions encountered in these problems can make MCMC time-consuming. In this paper, we apply an ensemble sampler respecting affine invariance to orbital parameter extraction from radial velocity data. This new sampler has only one free parameter, and it does not require much tuning for good performance, which is important for automatization. The autocorrelation time of this sampler is approximately the same for all parameters and far smaller than Metropolis-Hastings, which means it requires many fewer function calls to produce the same number of independent samples. The affine-invariant sampler speeds up MCMC by hundreds of times compared with Metropolis-Hastings in the same computing situation. This novel sampler would be ideal for projects involving large datasets such as statistical investigations of planet distribution. The biggest obstacle to ensemble samplers is the existence of multiple local optima; we present a clustering technique to deal with local optima by clustering based on the likelihood of the walkers in the ensemble. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the sampler on real radial velocity data.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures, accepted to Ap

Analog VLSI system for active drag reduction

We describe an analog CMOS VLSI system that can process real-time signals from surface-mounted shear stress sensors to detect regions of high shear stress along a surface in an airflow. The outputs of the CMOS circuit are used to actuate micromachined flaps with the goal of reducing this high shear stress on the surface and thereby lowering the total drag. We have designed, fabricated, and tested parts of this system in a wind tunnel in laminar and turbulent flow regimes

A wafer-scale MEMS and analog VLSI system for active drag reduction

We describe an analog CMOS VLSI system that can process real-time signals from integrated shear stress sensors to detect regions of high shear stress along a surface in an airflow. The outputs of the CMOS circuit control the actuation of integrated micromachined flaps with the goal of reducing this high shear stress on the surface and thereby lowering the total drag. We have designed, fabricated, and tested components of this system in a wind tunnel in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes with the goal of building a wafer-scale system

A surface-micromachined shear stress imager

A new MEMS shear stress sensor imager has been developed and its capability of imaging surface shear stress distribution has been demonstrated. The imager consists of multi-rows of vacuum-insulated shear stress sensors with a 300 /spl mu/m pitch. This small spacing allows it to detect surface flow patterns that could not be directly measured before. The high frequency response (30 kHz) of the sensor under constant temperature bias mode also allows it to be used in high Reynolds number turbulent flow studies. The measurement results in a fully developed turbulent flow agree well with the numerical and experimental results previously published