Exploring severe mental health problems and involuntary admission to psychiatric hospital

The first chapter is a systematic review exploring the factors associated with coercion in those who are involuntarily admitted to hospital. Those with psychosis, aggression and poor global functioning were some of the factors associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing coercion. The second chapter outlines an empirical research study exploring the experience of being detained under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983, 2007) using Critical Incident Technique (Flanagan 1954, Butterfield, Borgen Maglio & Edmunson, 2009). The importance of meaningful human relationships was found to underpin many of the critical incidents. The third and final chapter is a public domain briefing document which provides a concise and accessible summary of both the systematic review and the empirical research study

Real-time Kinetic Studies of Bacillus Subtilis Oxalate Decarboxylase and Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora Oxalate Oxidase Using Luminescent Oxygen Sensor

Oxalate decarboxylase (OxDC), an enzyme of the bicupin superfamily, catalyzes the decomposition of oxalate into carbon dioxide and formate at an optimal pH of 4.3 in the presence of oxygen. However, about 0.2% of all reactions occur through an oxidase mechanism that consumes oxygen while producing two equivalents of carbon dioxide and one equivalent of hydrogen peroxide. The kinetics of oxidase activity were studied by measuring the consumption of dissolved oxygen over time using a luminescent oxygen sensor. We describe the implementation of and improvements to the oxygen consumption assay. The oxidase activity of wild type OxDC was compared to that of the T165V OxDC mutant, which contains an impaired flexible loop covering the active site. The effects of various carboxylic acid-based buffers on the rate of oxidase activity were also studied. These results were compared to the oxidase activity of oxalate oxidase (OxOx), a similar bicupin enzyme that only carries out oxalate oxidation. The temperature dependence of oxidase activity was analyzed, and preliminary results offer an estimate for the overall activation energy of the oxidase reaction within OxDC. The data reported here thus provide insights into the mechanism of the oxidase activity of OxDC

Contraction intensity and sex differences in knee-extensor fatigability

Females are less fatigable than males during isometric contractions across various muscles and intensities. However, sex differences in knee-extensor fatigability remain relatively unexplored. Purpose: To determine the sex difference in performance fatigability for intermittent, isometric contractions of the knee-extensor muscles. Methods: Eighteen participants (10 males, 8 females) performed intermittent, isometric, knee-extensor contractions at 30% of their maximal voluntary force (MVC) for 30 min and in a separate session at 50% MVC until task-failure. During both fatiguing protocols a MVC was performed every 60s and electromyography (EMG) was recorded during all contractions. Results: At task completion males had a larger reduction in MVC force for the 30% MVC task (−32±15% vs. −15±16%, P=0.042) and the 50% MVC task (−34±8% vs. −24±1%, P=0.045). Furthermore, for the 50% MVC task, females had a longer task duration (937±525 s vs. 397±153 s, P=0.007). The rise in EMG activity and force fluctuations were more rapid for the males than females (P<0.05). When participants were matched for strength post-hoc (n=10), a sex difference in fatigability for both tasks was still evident. Conclusions: Females were less fatigable than males during intermittent, isometric, knee-extensor contractions at moderate relative forces and this difference was independent of strength

Task‐specific strength increases after lower‐limb compound resistance training occurred in the absence of corticospinal changes in vastus lateralis

Neural adaptations subserving strength increases have been shown to be task‐specific, but responses and adaptation to lower‐limb compound exercises such as the squat are commonly assessed in a single‐limb isometric task. This two‐part study assessed neuromuscular responses to an acute bout (Study A) and 4 weeks (Study B) of squat resistance training at 80% of one‐repetition‐maximum, with measures taken during a task‐specific isometric squat (IS) and non‐specific isometric knee extension (KE). Eighteen healthy volunteers (25 ± 5 years) were randomised into either a training (n = 10) or a control (n = 8) group. Neural responses were evoked at the intracortical, corticospinal and spinal levels, and muscle thickness was assessed using ultrasound. The results of Study A showed that the acute bout of squat resistance training decreased maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for up to 45 min post‐exercise (−23%, P < 0.001). From 15–45 min post‐exercise, spinally evoked responses were increased in both tasks (P = 0.008); however, no other evoked responses were affected (P ≥ 0.240). Study B demonstrated that following short‐term resistance training, participants improved their one repetition maximum squat (+35%, P < 0.001), which was reflected by a task‐specific increase in IS MVC (+49%, P = 0.001), but not KE (+1%, P = 0.882). However, no training‐induced changes were observed in muscle thickness (P = 0.468) or any evoked responses (P = 0.141). Adjustments in spinal motoneuronal excitability are evident after acute resistance training. After a period of short‐term training, there were no changes in the responses to central nervous system stimulation, which suggests that alterations in corticospinal properties of the vastus lateralis might not contribute to increases in strength

Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: Acute and chronic implications

The anatomical and physiological differences between males and females are thought to determine differences in the limits of human performance. The notion of studying sex as a biological variable has recently been emphasized in the biosciences as a vital step in enhancing human health. In this review, we contend that the effects of biological sex on acute and chronic responses must be studied and accounted for when prescribing aerobic exercise, much like any intervention targeting the optimization of physiological function. Emerging evidence suggests that the response of physiological systems to exercise differs between males and females, potentially mediating the beneficial effects in healthy and clinical populations. We highlight evidence that integrative metabolic thresholds during exercise are influenced by phenotypical sex differences throughout many physiological systems. Furthermore, we discuss evidence that female skeletal muscle is more resistant to fatigue elicited by equivalent dosages of high‐intensity exercise. How the different acute responses affect the long‐term trainability of males and females is considered, with discussion about tailoring exercise to the characteristics of the individual presented within the context of biological sex. Finally, we highlight the influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones on physiological responses to exercise in females. Sex is one of many mediating influences on the outcomes of exercise, and with careful experimental designs, physiologists can advance the collective understanding of diversity in physiology and optimize outcomes for both sexes

The Effect of Phase Change Material on Recovery of Neuromuscular Function Following Competitive Soccer Match-Play

Aim: Cryotherapy is commonly implemented following soccer match-play in an attempt to accelerate the natural time-course of recovery, but the effect of this intervention on neuromuscular function is unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of donning lower-body garments fitted with cooled phase change material (PCM) on recovery of neuromuscular function following competitive soccer match-play. Methods: Using a randomized, crossover design, 11 male semi-professional soccer players wore PCM cooled to 15°C (PCM cold) or left at ambient temperature (PCM amb; sham control) for 3 h following soccer match-play. Pre-, and 24, 48, and 72 h post-match, participants completed a battery of neuromuscular, physical, and perceptual tests. Maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and twitch responses to electrical (femoral nerve) and magnetic (motor cortex) stimulation (TMS) during isometric knee-extension and at rest were measured to assess central nervous system (CNS) (voluntary activation, VA) and muscle contractile (quadriceps potentiated twitch force, Q tw,pot) function. Fatigue and perceptions of muscle soreness were assessed via visual analog scales, and physical function was assessed through measures of jump [countermovement jump (CMJ) height and reactive strength index (RSI)] performance. A belief questionnaire was completed pre- and post-intervention to determine the perceived effectiveness of each garment. Results: Competitive soccer match-play elicited persistent decrements in MVC, VA measured with femoral nerve stimulation, Q tw,pot, as well as reactive strength, fatigue and muscle soreness (P 0.05). The belief questionnaire revealed that players perceived that both PCMcold and PCMamb were moderately effective in improving recovery, with no difference between the two interventions (P = 0.56). Conclusion: Although wearing cooled PCM garments improved MVC and VA 48 h following match-play, the lack of effect on measures of physical function or perceptual responses to match-play suggest that PCM offers a limited benefit to the recovery process. The lack of effect could have been due to the relatively small magnitude of change in most of the outcome measures studied

Central & peripheral fatigue in male cyclists after 4, 20 & 40 km time-trials

Purpose: Few studies have assessed neuromuscular fatigue after self-paced locomotor exercise; moreover, none have assessed the degree of supraspinal fatigue. This study assessed central and peripheral fatigue after self-paced exercise of different durations. Methods: Thirteen well-trained male cyclists completed 4 km, 20 km and 40 km simulated time-trials (TTs). Pre- and immediately post-TT (30 min)