Pengaruh Ekstrak Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe Var. Rubrum) Terhadap Kadar Mda Serum Tikus Setelah Terpapar Asap Rokok

Latar Belakang: Asap rokok merupakan salah satu sumber radikal bebas. Kadar radikal bebas yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kondisi stres oksidatif dan memicu terjadinya peroksidasi lipid pada membran sel yang akan menghasilkan Malondialdehyde (MDA). Sebenarnya, tubuh mempunyai sejumlah enzim dan zat yang dapat menetralkan radikal bebas yang disebut antioksidan. Kadar radikal bebas yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan antioksidan endogen tidak mampu untuk menetralisir. Kemampuan jahe sebagai antioksidan alami juga tidak terlepas dari kadar komponen fenolik total yang terkandung di dalamnya sehingga memiliki efek protektif yang tinggi dalam menangkal stres oksidatif. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak jahe merah terhadap kadar MDA serum tikus setelah terpapar asap rokok. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian true experimental dengan desain pre-post test only control group design pada tikus. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu dengan pemberian ekstrak jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) dan pemberian paparan asap rokok pada tikus, sedangkan keluarannya (outcome) adalah kadar MDA serum tikus. Hasil: Pemberian paparan asap rokok pada kelompok 2 meningkatkan kadar MDA serum dibandingkan dengan kelompok 1. Kelompok 3 yang diberikan ekstrak jahe merah 200 mg/kgBB/hari tidak efektif menurunkan kadar MDA serum. Pemberian ekstrak jahe merah menurunkan kadar MDA serum setelah diberikan paparan asap rokok (K4) jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang diberikan jahe merah tanpa diberikan paparan asap rokok (K3), penurunan tersebut tidak bermakna secara statistik. Kelompok 4 meningkatkan kadar MDA serum tikus dibandingkan dengan kelompok 2. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang bermakna dari pemberian jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) terhadap kadar MDA darah tikus setelah terpapar asap rokok

The composite outcome and its individual components, adjusted with clinical factors.

<p>ACD = all-cause death, HF = heart failure, MI = Myocardial infarction, VA = non-fatal ventricular arrhythmia. Although GLS, GCS, and LVEF were predictors for composite outcome, their prediction power was best for cardiac death.</p

Patients flow with exclusion criteria.

<p>IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; ECMO, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; AF, atrial fibrillation; RVR, rapid ventricular response; CABG, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery; CAG, coronary arteriography.</p

Prognostic power of global 2D strain according to left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction - Table 3

<p>Prognostic power of global 2D strain according to left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction</p> - Table

The prognostic power of 2D-strain and LVEF in the subgroup analysis.

<p>To exclude the confounding effects of clinical risk factors effect, the subgroup analysis of each factor were performed. The risk factors include age≥75 (n = 104), male (n = 552), hypertension (n = 323), Killip class >0 (n = 659), primary PCI (n = 647), DES implantation (n = 507), and culprit of LAD (n = 368).</p

Kaplan-Meier plots of GLS according to LVEF.

<p>Kaplan-Meier plots according to LVEF of preserved (EF > 50%), mild depressed (40–50%), and significantly depressed (< 40%) systolic function. A) EF>50% (13 events among 356 patients). B) LVEF 40–50% (16 events among 255 patients). C) LVEF<40% (18 events among 78 patients). GLS is a powerful predictor of clinical events and a better parameter than GCS in successfully reperfused STEMI patients, especially with significant LV dysfunction. Global strains did not predict outcome for the patients with preserved LVEF.</p

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Pulmonary hemodynamics and effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

Effect of PDE5i on BP and HR. Forest plot of the pooled weighted mean differences of (A) SBP (mmHg), (B) DBP (mmHg), (C) MAP (mmHg), and (D) HR (beat per minute). Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate. Figure S3. Effect of PDE5i on cardiac performance. Forest plot of the pooled weighted mean differences of (A) cardiac index (L/min/m2), and (B) cardiac output (L/min). (TIF 5850 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S4. of Pulmonary hemodynamics and effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

Influence analysis for the RCTs of HFpEF. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the potential influence of each RCT to the effect size of the RCTs of HFpEF. Pooled effects of PDE5i when each RCT was omitted were shown for (A) LVEF (%), (B) mPAP (mmHg), (C) PASP (mmHg), and (D) PVR (dyn¡sec/cm5). The omission of the study by Guazzi M et al. [12] significantly changed the pooled effect size of PDE5i, suggesting that there was a substantial influence from the study by Guazzi M et al. on the overall outcome measures. Abbreviations: RCT, randomized controlled trial; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PDE5i, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance. (PPTX 588 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Pulmonary hemodynamics and effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

Quality assessment. (A) Risk of bias summary. (B) Risk of bias graph. (PPTX 76 kb

Additional file 2: of Long-term Effects of high-doSe pitavaStatin on Diabetogenicity in comparison with atorvastatin in patients with Metabolic syndrome (LESS-DM): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Supplementary methods for details of imaging protocols. (DOCX 26 kb