4 research outputs found

    Risk for low pathogenicity avian influenza virus on poultry farms, The Netherlands, 2007–2013

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    Using annual serologic surveillance data from all poultry farms in the Netherlands during 2007–2013, we quantified the risk for the introduction of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in different types of poultry production farms and putative spatial-environmental risk factors: distance from poultry farms to clay soil, waterways, and wild waterfowl areas. Outdoor-layer, turkey (meat and breeder), and duck (meat and breeder) farms had a significantly higher risk for LPAIV introduction than did indoor-layer farms. Except for outdoor-layer, all poultry types (i.e., broilers, chicken breeders, ducks, and turkeys) are kept indoors. For all production types, LPAIV risk decreased significantly with increasing distance to medium-sized waterways and with increasing distance to areas with defined wild waterfowl, but only for outdoor-layer and turkey farms. Future research should focus not only on production types but also on distance to waterways and wild bird areas. In addition, settlement of new poultry farms in high-risk areas should be discouraged

    Circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands, 2006-2016

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    In this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands. Surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. We observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. Not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmission to poultry is selective and likely depends on viral factors that determine host range restriction. Subtypes commonly detected in poultry were in wild birds most frequently detected in mallards and geese. Different temporal patterns in virus prevalence were observed between wild bird species. Virus detections in domestic ducks coincided with the prevalence peak in wild ducks, whereas virus detections in other poultry types were made throughout the year. Genetic analysis of the surface genes demonstrated that most poultry viruses were related to locally circulating wild bird viruses, but no direct spatiotemporal link was observed. Results indicate prolonged undetected virus circulation and frequent reassortment events with local and newly introduced viruses within the wild bird population. Increased knowledge on LPAI virus circulation can be used to improve surveillance strategies

    The tension between sociocultural patterns and individual models in the shaping of the logical sequences that define the professionalisation of sport trainers

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    Le statut et la fonction de l'entraîneur sportif se sont progressivement développés avec la naissance du sport moderne, à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Du début du XXe siècle à aujourd'hui, le modèle le plus prégnant est celui du technicien de « terrain » dont les méthodes se construisent avant tout sous l'influence socioculturelle dans laquelle il est « baigné ». À partir des années 1980, le processus de professionnalisation qui s'est développé a eu comme conséquence une subdivision des modèles stabilisés en nombreux profils individuels, qui vont bien au-delà du simple triptyque technicien-meneur d'hommes-stratège, mis en avant dans les différentes représentations de sens commun. L'analyse des discours de vingt entraîneurs sportifs, choisis pour représenter au mieux l'ensemble de cette population, nous permet de confirmer les modèles socioculturels connus, et de faire apparaître des profils individuels variés. Elle permet surtout de mettre en évidence l'ensemble des logiques de professionnalisation de cette population. Qu'elles soient communicationnelles, techniques, organisationnelles ou de formation, ces logiques ont comme intérêt scientifique de montrer comment les entraîneurs sportifs se construisent professionnellement aujourd'hui.The status and function of the sport coach have steadily developed since the birth of modern-era sport, in the late 18th century. From the early 20th c. to the present day, the most significant model is that of the field technician whose methods have been built under the influence of his or her social and cultural background. The 1980s saw the emergence of a professionalisation process which subdivided the existing patterns into a variety of individual models, going further beyond the mere three-dimensional combination of the technician-leader-strategist that seems to be the most received representation. Material collected from twenty interviews with sport trainers who were chosen as the best possible sample of the population has been analyzed. This analysis both confirms the received social and cultural patterns and highlights various individual models. In particular, it traces all the logical sequences that define the professionalisation of the population.Be they related to communication, techniques, organisation or training, these sequences find their scientific value in the demonstration they make of how sport coaching takes shape nowadays

    Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease

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    BACKGROUND: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P=0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P=0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P=0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P=0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P=0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. Copyright © 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society
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