Efecto de la deshidratación de desechos de tomate en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos, carotenoides y capacidad antioxidante

En México, el desperdicio de tomates puede relacionarse con la deficiencia en la cadena de transporte y almacenaje, bajos estándares de calidad del producto, deficiencias en la exhibición del producto y fallas en la coordinación con proveedores. Estos factores contribuyen al desperdicio de tomate para su consumo por no cumplir con los estándares impuestos por los mercados de alimentos y el consumidor final. No obstante, los desperdicios de tomate pueden ser revalorizados y ser una fuente de fitoquímicos con relevancia nutrimental. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar el efecto de la temperatura de secado de frutos de tomate considerados de desperdicio evaluando su capacidad antioxidante, compuestos fenólicos, carotenoides, azúcares reductores, proteínas, humedad y cenizas. Se realizaron tres tratamientos para medir el efecto del secado a 24, 48 y 72 horas a tres temperaturas diferentes 50, 60 y 70 °C en las muestras de frutos de tomate colectadas. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento de secado a 50 °C por 72 horas arrojo los mayores valores de proteínas (45,3 g/kg) y azúcares reductores (196 mg/g). Por su parte el tratamiento de 70 °C mostró incrementos en compuestos fenólicos (48,12 mg/g), licopeno (2503 µg/g) y β-caroteno (31,84 µg/g) a las 24 horas de secado. Estos resultados indicaron que al exponer la biomasa de tomate a una temperatura de 70 °C por 24 horas correspondiente al Tratamiento (T4 - 1), se produjo una mayor biosíntesis de compuestos bioactivos que podrían ser empleados en la formulación de nuevos productos alimenticios, por ejemplo, en la elaboración de tortillas.

Programa de desayunos escolares en Sonora. Un recuento de experiencias y retos nuevos

The objective was to analyze the development and results of the School Breakfast Program (SBP) in Sonora and discuss future challenges. Methodology: Analyze and discuss the results of SBP in Sonora (1997-2011), published in three articles, three master theses and technical reports provided to System for Integral Family Development (DIF)-Sonora. Results: Monitoring and evaluation of SBP has allowed consistent changes with the needs of the participants and the resources available and does not constitute a risk factor to develop obesity. Limitations: It is necessary, however, nutrition education in school and home settings to achieve sustainable changes in dietary and physical activity practices. Conclusion: The monitoring process and institutionalization of SBP in Sonora, allows adequate organizational environment for the development of a nutrition education program conducive to obesity prevention.El objetivo fue el analizar el desarrollo y resultados del programa de desayunos escolares (PDE) en Sonora y discutir los retos futuros. La metodología fue la siguiente: se analizan y discuten los resultados del PDE en Sonora (1997-2011), publicados en tres artículos, tres tesis de maestría y reportes técnicos entregados al DIF-Sonora. Como resultados podemos exponer que la vigilancia y evaluación del PDE ha permitido cambios congruentes con las necesidades de los niños y los recursos disponibles y no constituye un riesgo para el desarrollo de obesidad. Encontramos limitaciones tales como que es necesaria la educación nutricional en los contextos escuela y hogar para lograr cambios sostenibles en las prácticas alimentarias y de actividad física. Podemos concluir que el proceso de seguimiento e institucionalización del PDE en Sonora, permite un ambiente organizacional adecuado para el desarrollo de un programa de educación nutricional conducente a la prevención de obesidad

Identificación de factores predisponentes, reforzadores y capacitadores para una alimentación y actividad física adecuadas en escolares sonorenses

El estudio pretende generar una reflexión participativa para identificar variables mediadoras del comportamiento y del ambiente, que conduzcan a diseñar un programa, para prevenir la obesidad en la niñez, con enfoque de salud pública. Dichas variables para lograr una alimentación adecuada fueron el manejo de porciones, tipo y costo de alimentos, el horario para las colaciones y el uso del tiempo para la actividad física y su relevancia en la salud de los niños. En 51 discusiones grupales con padres de familia, profesores y niños de 17 planteles escolares se recopiló y se organizó la información, con el programa QSR NVivo 9.0. Con la guía del modelo PRECEDE-PROCEDE se identificaron factores que predisponen, refuerzan y capacitan una alimentación inadecuada y el sedentarismo en la escuela y el hogar, y se priorizaron de acuerdo con su importancia y posibilidad de cambio

Hábitos alimenticios y ejercicio físico ante el confinamiento en casa por COVID-19 en universitarios

El objetivo fue probar modelos de percepción de dieta a partir de los predictores hábitos alimenticios, ejercicio físico y agencia personal para la actividad física de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos durante su estancia en casa por COVID-19. Se seleccionó por conveniencia una muestra no probabilística de 553 estudiantes de dos universidades del noroeste de México, previo consentimiento informado de participación, durante mayo-junio del 2020. Mediante un formato de Google se aplicaron dos cuestionarios, el de agencia personal en actividad física (AF) con los factores intencionalidad, previsión, auto-reactividad y autorreflexión; y un cuestionario de hábitos alimenticios. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y un modelo lineal generalizado. Perciben la dieta como mala-regular (58 %) y excelente (3.5 %). Refieren consumir frutas y verduras frecuentemente (60 %), fibra (50 %), alimentos frescos (48 %) y guisados con escasa grasa (44 %). Casi una tercera parte no practica AF (30.1 %) y menos de la mitad (45.8 %) realiza de 90 a 150 minutos de AF a la semana; pocos cumplen algún programa de ejercicio (30 %) y la mayoría opina poseer tiempo para efectuar AF (74 %). Los estudiantes con mayor consumo de alimentos saludables poseen una percepción de dieta adecuada y realizan ejercicio en comparación con los que no practican AF. El tiempo dedicado a AF está determinado por el tipo de alimentos, la AF y el grado de intencionalidad para realizarla

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research