Portal hypertension : a review of literature.

A hipertens?o portal representa a complica??o de v?rias doen?as. Entre as afec??es que podem cursar com hipertens?o do sistema porta, destacam-se a cirrose, a forma hep?tica ou hepatoespl?nica da esquistossomose, neoplasias do f?gado, das vias biliares ou do p?ncreas, fen?menos tromboemb?licos da veia porta e mol?stias supra-hep?ticas. Dentre suas consequ?ncias destacam-se varizes de es?fago e a encefalopatia portossist?mica. A press?o no sistema portal, como em qualquer outro sistema vascular, ? o resultado da intera??o entre o fluxo sangu?neo e a resist?ncia vascular que se op?e a esse fluxo. Assim, a press?o portal pode aumentar, se houver aumento do fluxo sangu?neo portal ou aumento da resist?ncia vascular ou ambos. A resist?ncia aumentada do fluxo pode ser pr?-hep?tica, p?s-hep?tica e intra-hep?tica. O diagn?stico ? baseado em crit?rios cl?nicos, frequentemente com conjunto com exames de imagem e endoscopia.Portal hypertension is a complication of various diseases. Among the diseases that may present with hypertension in the portal system, we highlight cirrhosis, hepatic or hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis, cancer of the liver, biliary tract or pancreatic cancer, thromboembolic events portal vein and hepatic symptoms. Among its consequences stand out esophageal varices and portosystemic encephalopathy. The pressure in the portal system as in any other vascular system, is the result of the interaction between blood flow and vascular resistance that opposes the flow. Thus, portal pressure may increase, if any increase of portal blood flow or increased vascular resistance, or both. The increased flow resistance can be prehepatic, post-hepatic and intrahepatic. The diagnosis was based on clinical criteria, often together with imaging and endoscopy

Salvage award and special compensamon as insured damages

Snošenje troškova spašavanja i štete nastale akcijama pri spašavanju često je bio problem s obzirom da se radilo o velikim iznosima koje bi brodar teško mogao samostalno isplatiti ili bi ga isti troškovi mogli odvesti u propast. Nagrada za spašavanje tada je postala šteta koju pokriva redovno osiguranje. Kada je morski okoliš postao predmet spašavanja, trebalo je uvesti poseban poticaj spašavateljima – posebnu naknadu koju pokrivaju P. &. I. klubovi jer je vezana za odgovornost brodara za štete na okolišu. P. & I. klubovi su udruženja koja po načelu uzajamnosti pružaju usluge osiguranja brodova i na taj način pokrivaju između ostalog i posebnu naknadu za spašavanje. Za razliku od posebne naknade, nagrada za spašavanje je šteta osigurana premijskim osiguranjem.Coverage of salvage costs and damages caused by salvage operations was often a great problem for ship owners. In the case of successful salvage operation, ship owners had to pay very large sums of money as compensations and awards which made many of them to fill for bankruptcy. Since then, salvage award was regularly covered by the ship insurer. In later phase, maritime environment was also included in salvage operations. According to that, there was need for a special subvention which would be paid to salvage companies if they take a special care with environment while doing their salvage actions – special compensation which is covered by P. & I. clubs. P. & I. clubs are mutual insurance associations which on the basis of mutuality, provide ship insurance services and cover cost of salvage and special compensation

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among users of basic healthunit at canaã district of Ipatinga city, MG.

As doenças cardiovasculares são as patologias que envolvem o coração e a rede vascular, constituindo a principal causa de morte em nosso país, sendo responsáveis por cerca de 30% dos óbitos. Diversos fatores de risco para Doença Cardiovascular já foram identificados, alguns são modificáveis, outros não. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência dos fatores de risco modificáveis para doenças cardiovasculares no município de Ipatinga, MG. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que foram avaliados dados sociodemográficos e antropométricos de 112 indivíduos, 78 do gênero feminino e 34 do masculino. A idade média foi de 52 anos, variando de 19 a 78. 47,3% eram hipertensos, 16,1% diabéticos; 28,6 dislipidêmicos; 60,7%, sedentários; 12,5% tabagistas e 29,5% com história familiar positiva. Sobrepeso foi de 41,1%, e obesidade predominou no gênero feminino e nos indivíduos acima de 60 anos. Observou- se associação direta entre aumento do peso corporal e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. 57 mulheres (73,1%) apresentaram valor de circunferência abdominal maior ou igual a 88 cm. O presente estudo mostrou alta prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares na população estudada. A prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, sobrepeso e circunferência abdominal aumentada, foi maior que o da população brasileira.Cardiovascular diseases involve the heart and the vascular network and are the main cause of death in Brazil, accounting for about 30% of deaths. Several risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been identified, some of them are modifiable, others not. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Ipatinga, MG. It’s a cross-sectional study. Measurements of sociodemographic and anthropometric data were done of 112 subjects were evaluated, being 78 females and 34 males. The age average was 52 years, ranging from 19 to 78 years old. Between them, 47.3% were diagnosed with hypertension, 16.1% reported being diabetic, 28.6%, had dyslipidemia, 60.7% had sedentary lifestyle, 12.5% were smokers and 29.5% had a positive family history. The overweight percentage was 41.1% and obesity was predominant in females and in individuals over 60 years old. There was a direct association between increased body weight and hypertension. 57 women (73.1%) had waist circumference greater than or equal to 88 cm. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, overweight and increased waist circumference was greater than Brazilian population