Mejoramiento de la cadena de suministro de una PYME de la industria láctea mediante la planeación de la producción, manejo de inventarios y distribución de producto terminado

Las pequeñas empresas tienden a desarrollar sus diferentes procesos empíricamente, como es el caso de la empresa en la que se desarrolló el presente trabajo, Lácteos Simijacá. En este caso, la empresa lleva a cabo este tipo de gestión, que produce que sus recursos no se utilicen al máximo, causando costos innecesarios tanto económicos como de imagen. Porque a veces, o no satisfacen la demanda o tienen demasiada materia prima, que en este caso es leche, que es difícil de almacenar, ya que la deben vender o tirar en el peor de los casos. Pues la leche es un producto perecedero y tiene un manejo cuidadoso. Debe quedar claro que la falta de satisfacción de la demanda, ya sea porque no es suficiente para producir lo necesario para satisfacerla, o porque no es posible entregar la orden a tiempo, genera costos innecesarios, desperdicios e incumplimientos que pueden evitarse y que pueden llegar a ser críticos para la relación cliente-empresa. Para evitar este tipo de costos para la empresa, se decide diseñar y desarrollar dos aplicaciones. El primero busca desarrollar un plan de producción, para que la empresa sepa cuánto puede fabricar con la leche que recogió, o cuánta leche debe recoger para satisfacer la demanda. Además, evalúa si es mejor en términos de costos que la empresa compre leche a un precio más alto o que deje de fabricar y no cumpla con los pedidos. Por otro lado, la segunda aplicación genera una ruta para distribuir el producto terminado a los clientes para cada camión a menor costo.Small companies tend to develop their different processes empirically, for example, is the case of the company in which in the present work was developed, Lácteos Simijacá. In this case, the company carries out this type of management, which produces that, its resources are not used to the maximum, causing unnecessary costs both economic and image. Because sometimes, they either don’t meet the demand or have too much raw of material, which in this case is milk, they have a hard time collecting. They must sell or throw away in the worst case. Since milk is a perishable product and has a careful handling. It should be made clear that the failure to meet demand, as it is not enough to produce what is necessary to meet it, or it is not possible to deliver the order on time, generates unnecessary costs, waste and non-compliance that might be avoided and that may become critical to the Customer-Company relationship. In order to avoid this type of costs for the company, it is decided design and develop two applications. Firstly, seeks to develop a production plan, so the company knows how much it can make with the milk it collected, or how much milk it must collect to the demand. Moreover, it assesses whether it is better in terms of costs for the company to buy milk at a higher price or stop manufacturing and non-compliant with orders. On the other hand, the second application generates a route to distribute the finished product to customers for each truck at lower cost.Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity

Studies of the mass composition of cosmic rays and proton-proton interaction cross-sections at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory

In this work, we present an estimate of the cosmic-ray mass composition from the distributions of the depth of the shower maximum (Xmax) measured by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We discuss the sensitivity of the mass composition measurements to the uncertainties in the properties of the hadronic interactions, particularly in the predictions of the particle interaction cross-sections. For this purpose, we adjust the fractions of cosmic-ray mass groups to fit the data with Xmax distributions from air shower simulations. We modify the proton-proton cross-sections at ultra-high energies, and the corresponding air shower simulations with rescaled nucleus-air cross-sections are obtained via Glauber theory. We compare the energy-dependent composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays obtained for the different extrapolations of the proton-proton cross-sections from low-energy accelerator data

Study of downward Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory, consisting of 1660 water-Cherenkov detectors (WCDs), covers 3000 km2 in the Argentinian pampa. Thanks to the high efficiency of WCDs in detecting gamma rays, it represents a unique instrument for studying downward Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) over a large area. Peculiar events, likely related to downward TGFs, were detected at the Auger Observatory. Their experimental signature and time evolution are very different from those of a shower produced by an ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray. They happen in coincidence with low thunderclouds and lightning, and their large deposited energy at the ground is compatible with that of a standard downward TGF with the source a few kilometers above the ground. A new trigger algorithm to increase the TGF-like event statistics was installed in the whole array. The study of the performance of the new trigger system during the lightning season is ongoing and will provide a handle to develop improved algorithms to implement in the Auger upgraded electronic boards. The available data sample, even if small, can give important clues about the TGF production models, in particular, the shape of WCD signals. Moreover, the SD allows us to observe more than one point in the TGF beam, providing information on the emission angle