Pulmão e gravidez

AbstractRespiratory pathology can be relatively frequent during pregnancy. One third of pregnant woman may experience worsening of their asthma condition. Pulmonary tromboembolism is 5 times more frequent in pregnancy. Bacterial, viral and fungal pneumonias are baddly tolerated during pregnancy, provoking mother-foetal morbidity, respiratory insufficiency, low born-weight or prematurity. Non-treated tuberculosis may increase maternal mortality and preterm birth by 4 and 9 times respectively. Pregnancy is counter-indicated in women with cystic fibrosis and severe pulmonary function. Despite therapeutic progresses already made, pulmonary hypertension is associated to over 30% of mother-foetal morbidity and mortality. Approximately 1 in 1,000-1,500 pregnancies is affected by mother cancer. High rates of lung cancer morbility in women bring new and important challenges to therapy.Rev Port Pneumol 2007; XIII (2): 213-23

Regeneración en bosques mixtos en la Serra da Lousa

Stand regeneration is one of the most important aspects of silviculture as it ensures stand and production perpetuity. Regeneration occurs after one or several disturbances releasing growing space, usually after the elimination of some adult trees. In Northern and Central Portugal many maritime pine old growth stands have natural regeneration of several broadleaved species, in particular sweet chestnut and English oak. In multi-species stands regeneration and recruitment analysis should consider both density and diversity measures. A series of permanent plots established in Serra da Lousã made it possible to characterise the existing natural regeneration and its evolution with two successive measurements in 2001 and 2009. All individuals with a diameter at breast height equal or less than 5 cm were considered as regeneration. Their recruitment was evaluated in 2009 and analysed as a function of absolute stand density measures and seven diversity indices. The results revealed that recruitment rate was high and that there was a trend towards a balance in terms of species and their proportions, while maintaining a tendency towards clustering and segregation according to the Clark and Evans and the Pielou indices, respectively.La regeneración del rodal es uno de los aspectos más importantes de la silvicultura, ya que garantiza la perpetuidad del rodal y de la producción. La regeneración se produce después de uno o varias intervenciones para liberar el espacio de crecimiento, generalmente después de la eliminación de algunos árboles adultos. En el norte y centro de Portugal muchos rodales de pino negral de edad madura presentan regeneración natural de varias especies de frondosas, en particular, castaño y roble. En rodales con varias especies el análisis de la regeneración y el reclutamiento debe tener en cuenta medidas tanto de densidad como de diversidad. Una serie de parcelas permanentes establecidas en la Serra da Lousã ha permitido caracterizar la regeneración natural existente y su evolución con dos mediciones sucesivas en 2001 y 2009. Se consideran como regenerado todos los individuos con un diámetro a la altura del pecho igual o inferior a 5 cm. Su reclutamiento se evaluó en 2009 y se analizó en función de medidas de la densidad absoluta de la masa y de siete índices de diversidad. Los resultados revelaron que la tasa de reclutamiento fue alta y que hubo una tendencia hacia un equilibrio en términos de especies y sus proporciones, mientras se mantiene una tendencia a la agrupación y segregación de acuerdo con los índices de Clark y Evans y el índice de Pielou, respectivament

Estudos de conforto térmico nos espaços verdes da cidade de Bragança

O projecto GREENURBE visa avaliar o impacte dos espaços verdes na qualidade do ambiente urbano abarcando aspectos como o uso social, a qualidade do ar, o ruído e o conforto térmico, e tendo como referência a cidade de Bragança. O presente poster retrata os estudos de microescala desenvolvidos, e a desenvolver, no sentido de identificar as relações existentes entre os espaços verdes e o conforto térmico. Estes resultados serão futuramente interpretados num contexto climático alargado à escala urbana, desenvolvendo-se uma metodologia pela qual se procurará estabelecer relações entre as características climáticas prevalecentes e o seu potencial para propiciar condições de conforto térmico, identificando-se estratégias que possam contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade térmica do ambiente urbano.FCT-MCTE

Ictiofauna Da Cachoeira De São Roberto E Peixes Do Baixo Rio Preto, Bacia Do Alto Rio Paraná, Brasil

Rheophilic environments typically houses fish species with specific ecological requirements. Thus, the suppression of these environments can lead to damaging impacts to local and regional fauna. In this work the ichthyofauna of the “Cachoeira de São Roberto” was inventoried, with a historical review of fish collected in the lower Preto River basin. The sampling sites included two reaches (named R1 and R2): R1 in the “Cachoeira de São Roberto” and R2 refers to two km upstream. The fishes were sampled bimonthly during one year (April 2013 to February 2014) using small and dip nets. Voucher specimens were catalogued in the Fish Collection of “Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, câmpus de São José do Rio Preto, SPˮ (DZSJRP). Historical records from lower Preto River basin were composed by fish species sampled downstream of spillway of the dam in the municipality of São José do Rio Preto, SP, using the database of fish collection of DZSJRP. The ichthyofauna of the sampled reaches was composed by 53 species, distributed in 16 families and seven orders. The greatest richness was found in the upstream site (R2) with the presence of Aphyocheirodon hemigrammus and Myleus tiete, two Brazilian threatened fish species. Chao index suggested the occurrence of 64 species for the inventoried reaches. Considering all portion of lower Preto River basin, including historical records, 69 species were found, four of these species have not described yet. The present study highlights the importance of inventories in rheophilic environments, which usually includes sensitive, threatened, and species with restricted distribution. Besides that, inventories can provide technical data to support decisions about potential environmental impacts helping with the management and conservation of fish fauna. © 2017, Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP. All rights reserved.17

Green space influence on thermal confort: structured studies in the city of Bragança (Portugal)

Green Spaces are regarded as elements that can provide thermal comfort in cities. A research on green spaces contribution to thermal comfort was carried out, with the purpose of identifying essential principles that can help urban designers to enhance the social use of open spaces. These studies were developed in summer and early fall conditions, by means of structured experiments. These experiments took place in three occasions between June 2008 and September 2009, in a total of 432 thermal sensations questionnaires. The methodology consisted in placing different individuals, organized in uniform age groups and equal numbered in gender, under different thermal environments (shadow versus sun exposure, wind versus wind shield, grass versus artificial pavement) and asking them to express their thermal sensations (using a seven levels scale), while collecting meteorological data. A multinomial logistic regression was used to study the influence of both meteorological variables and personal attributes in thermal sensations. Significant results were found relating differences in thermal comfort with the radiation, air temperature and wind speed. Gender was also found to have a significant influence in human thermal sensations. Results show that differences in green spaces layout can significantly change the thermal environment, thus influencing thermal perceptions

Benefits of urban green spaces in noise, air quality and thermal comfort: the case study of Bragança

Urban green areas provide multiple environmental services, contributing to high‐quality environments in our cities. With the purpose of evaluating the influence of urban green spaces in air quality, noise and thermal comfort, a research was developed throughout the last 4 years in the city of Bragança, Portugal. All these aspects were approached from physical and social perspectives. The physical approach involved several studies at urban and green space scales. Field experiments covered such areas as measurements of air pollutants concentrations (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds and PM10), sound pressure levels, meteorological and other parameters related to thermal comfort. The social approach consisted in assessing perceptions of citizens over green spaces and their influence on the environment, alongside with the assessment of their attitudes towards those spaces, by means of specific questionnaires applied to a representative sample of local inhabitants. Results showed the relevance of the green spaces in contributing to ameliorate air quality, create more pleasant soundscapes and provide better thermal comfort conditions, especially in spring and summer. Relations between benefits of green spaces and their size, their physical and biological diversity, and their location were found. These characteristics were also identified by respondents as key factors in a moment of selecting a green space to pass the time and to enjoy part or all services it can provide. In the opinion of the respondents, those factors are crucial in maximizing many environmental and social functions of urban green spaces

The role of urban green spaces in the urban climate – the case study of the city of Bragança (Portugal)

Urban Green Spaces (UGS) are known to change microclimate conditions, improving thermal comfort and reducing urban heat island effect (UHI). The research of the city-climate interactions can be an important contribution for urban planning, providing inputs for the definition of a climate relevant green infrastructure. Starting in 2011, a study is being carried out aiming at the analysis of the urban climate of Bragança (Portugal), a city located in a mountain area with a complex terrain. This presentation focuses on presenting local evidences of the UGS influence on urban climate and the potential role of the local green infrastructure in urban climate improvement. The research consists on a cross-evaluation between meteorological data, gathered from a network of sensors (23 temperature and RH sensors, three wind speed and direction sensors and one automatic weather station) and a GIS analysis of urban and topographical elements. This network covers seven local climate zones, including UGS (4 sensors). Results show that despite the small size of this city (aprox. 30.000 hab) there is an UHI that can be close to 3 º C in summer with extremes of up to 6º C. Such results are related with the characteristics of the monitored sites showing that UHI is more intense in densely urbanized areas. Other local effects include: an early morning urban cold island effect, the presence of an altitude gradient and of dynamic processes, such as the nocturnal drainage of cold air. Regarding the different UGS in the network, their effects are variable, as reduced UHI intensity is more effective during the summer, mostly motivated by the presence of deciduous trees. UGS are still under the influence of the UHI gradient, thus being mostly warmer than peri-urban locations. Finally, the role of the local urban green infrastructure in Urban Climate Planning is discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudo da ilha de calor urbano de Bragança

O constante crescimento das cidades tem levantado diversos problemas ambientais nos espaços urbanos. A construção em altura e o uso de materiais artificiais altera o escoamento atmosférico e o balanço energético, causando o conhecido Efeito de Ilha de Calor Urbano (EICU). Com o objetivo de avaliar o EICU na cidade de Bragança foi instalada uma rede de medição de temperatura e de humidade do ar, com 23 termo-higrómetros colocados em diferentes locais da cidade e no espaço rural, complementada com um estação meteorológica automática. Os resultados evidenciam a existência do EICU. No período de inverno, a intensidade do EICU atinge em média os 2ºC, embora tenham sido registados máximos na ordem dos 5ºC. Tal como seria de esperar, é na época de verão que se verificaram as maiores diferenças entre zonas urbanas e zonas rurais, sendo que a média sobe para os 3ºC nas zonas mais urbanizadas, onde se registam máximos na ordem dos 6ºC. Em ambos os casos, os picos de intensidade observaram-se predominantemente uma a duas horas antes do nascer do sol, em particular em dias de vento fraco. Este estudo aplicou ainda Funções Ortogonais Empíricas (FOE), de forma a identificar os principais padrões de variabilidade dos dados. A partir dos dados horários de todo o ano, o padrão espacial da primeira componente indica claramente a presença de anomalias positivas nas zonas urbanas e negativas nos pontos envolventes, esta componente contém cerca de 38% da variabilidade de todos os dados. A mesma análise baseada nas médias horárias, por época sazonal, evidencia o mesmo padrão espacial, sendo que no verão a série temporal da primeira componente apresenta valores de maior intensidade e cuja variabilidade representa 53.7 %. Estes resultados permitem afirmar que o primeiro modo de variabilidade corresponde ao EICU da cidade de Bragança.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Consumers sensory evaluation of melon sweetness and quality

CONSUMERS SENSORY EVALUATION OF MELON SWEETNESS AND QUALITY Agulheiro Santos, A.C, Rato, A.E., Laranjo, M. and Gonçalves, C. Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap.94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal. ABSTRACT The sensory quality of fruits is made of a range of attributes like sweetness, acidity, aroma, firmness, color. Taste perception and perception threshold of these attributes are variable according to the psychological and cultural development of individuals. To better understand the quality evaluation of melon by consumers, consumers were invited to taste melon samples, in supermarkets in Évora (South region), Lisbon (Central region) and Vila Nova de Gaia (North region). The present work explored the importance given by consumers to sweetness in order to classify the overall quality of melon. Furthermore, the relationship of the chemical evaluation of Total Soluble Solids (TSS) with sweetness of melon was studied. Fruits from the variety Melão branco picked randomly from those that were exposed for sale in supermarkets were used for analysis. Fruits were chinned along the equatorial zone and only the central part of the fruit, opposite to the part that leaned on the soil, was used to obtain homogeneous samples. Consumers were invited to taste four small pieces of each fruit, previously referenced with a code number, and answer a questionnaire with two questions related to sweetness and overall quality. Each question had five possible levels, identified from “Nothing sweet”, to “Extremely sweet”, in one case, and from “Poor” to “Excellent” in the other. Simultaneously, the values of TSS (measured in ºBrix) for each melon used in the study were evaluated by refractometry. This sensory analysis allowed us to point out the following findings: first of all, there is good agreement between the results obtained to classify “Sweetness” and “Overall Quality” (Cohen’s Kappa=53.1%, p<0.001), which means, for example, that fruits with excellent quality are in general extremely sweet. Moreover, fruits with less than 9.6 °Brix are considered of poor quality and nothing sweet, whereas fruits with values between 10 °Brix and 12 °Brix are considered good in terms of overall quality. It seems that the thresholds for the stimulus/intensity of sweetness lied between 10 °Brix to 14 °Brix for this melon variety. Acknowledgments This work was support by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under the Strategic Project Pest-OE/AGR/UI0115/2014 and co-funded by FEDER funds through the COMPETE Program

A ventilação forçada na protecção contra a geada de fruteiras caducifólias

A geada em Portugal e particularmente nas regiões do interior norte e centro provoca, frequentemente, danos em fruteiras caducifólias importantes como a macieira, cerejeira e amendoeira. O rendimento dos agricultores é severamente afectado e a não estabilização das produções tem igualmente consequências ao nível das empresas e cooperativas do sector. Além da redução da produção, a geada provoca deformações e outros defeitos nos frutos, diminuindo consequentemente o seu valor comercial. A minimização de potenciais prejuízos pode fazer-se através da implementação de medidas preventivas (protecção passiva) e actuando imediatamente antes ou durante a noite de geada (protecção activa) (Snyder & de Melo-Abreu, 2005). Nos métodos indirectos ou passivos – de carácter preventivo – podem-se destacar entre outros a selecção e melhoramento da cultura, selecção do local de cultura, utilização da espécie/variedade adequada ao local, modificação da paisagem com o fim de actuar sobre o microclima, modificação dos sistemas de condução, e actuação sobre o solo e sua cobertura (p. ex., supressão de infestantes). Os métodos directos ou activos – de carácter protector – e de implementação temporária, assentam na previsão da ocorrência de geada. Podem-se destacar os seguintes métodos: utilização de coberturas sobre as culturas; utilização de nevoeiros artificiais; aquecimento directo do ar; ventilação forçada; e métodos que se baseiam na libertação do calor latente de fusão de água (rega por aspersão)