PROTECTED HORTICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT. AN INTEGRAL DECISION MODEL FOR GREENHOUSE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHEASTERN SPAIN

Over 380000 tons of vegetable waste is produced annually in the “Campo de Dalías” zone (Almería, Spain), deriving from the diverse existing crops grown under plastic cover. Landfills containing this vegetable waste are a potential breeding ground for diseases and pests, they can also be the subject of uncontrolled burning, cause a riverbed blockage and, at the same time, they are an unsightly aspect of the landscape. The only way to prevent or minimize this problem is to adopt a comprehensive and environmentally sensitive waste management program. The utilization of the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) has allowed the monetarization of the total environmental benefit of the projects undertaken, composting plant or in an energy recycling process, to the tune of 4082777 € and 4794566 €, respectively. Likewise, a Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to locate an optimal zone for a composting plant. The solution obtained minimizes the transportation cost of organic waste. It represents 40% of the total cost at current market price. The subsequent integration of the results obtained with the previous methods in a cost-benefit analysis showed when a decision on possible public action needed to be taken that the best option would be a composting project with a 63.58 million € Net Present Value (NPV), including the internalization in economic terms of the environmental benefit of recycling organic residue. If this benefit is not internalized, the project NPV would be negative.Contingent Valuation Method, GIS, Cost-Benefit Analysis., Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy,

Impact of Free Trade Agreements on the Colombian Beef Sector

Colombia negotiated bilateral Trade Agreements (TAs) with the United States and with the MERCOSUR region (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay). Colombian cattle and beef interest groups argue that TAs hurt the local beef supply chain. We employ a partial equilibrium framework to assess the impact of these TAs on the welfare of cattle producers, beef marketers and meat consumers in Colombia. Our results suggest that with free imports of chicken parts from the U.S, beef consumption and retail prices of beef both decrease and the derived demand and prices of fed cattle decrease. With beef imports from the MERCOSUR region, domestic beef prices and beef production fall, but total beef consumption increases. Overall, consumers are better off and there are net gains to society with free trade agreements. These net gains tend to increase over time, as Colombia gradually decreases the tariff for imported beef. We identify the reduction in marginal costs required to compete with imported beef, primarily from MERCOSUR. We argue that this is possible because the elimination of trade barriers is gradual and the Colombian beef supply chain can compete with imported meats with an annual reduction of marginal costs between 2 and 4%.Beef, Colombia, partial equilibrium, trade liberalization, International Relations/Trade, F14, D60, Q17,

Competitividad e infraestructura portuaria de la Costa Atlántica (Puerto de Cartagena Puerto de Barranquilla) frente al Puerto de Miami

A continuación, se presentan los factores estratégicos de más importancia que enfocados adecuadamente y con una administración eficaz de los recursos generarán mucho más valor a la actividad portuaria de la Costa Atlántica Colombiana: Aprovechamiento de los recursos existentes: Las vías existentes, terrestres y fluviales proporcionan alto valor al manejo de la mercancía. Inversión en mejora y mantenimiento generará mejora en tiempos de transporte. Capacitación continua y la adquisición de nueva tecnología: Adquirir tecnología es vital, pero capacitar al talento humano es el otro 50% del trabajo para poder rendir un 100% y hacer de la inversión un dinero valido. Firma de Tratados de cooperación Puertos Hermanos: el enriquecimiento de conocimiento es primordial, compartir experiencias, generar encuentros que permitan realizar alianzas de cooperación en donde sea posible alcanzar estándares mundiales de desarrollo para ampliar el mercado. Crear oportunidad de negocio para clientes: generar un ambiente seguro para la carga de las líneas navieras es la mejor cara para el mercado portuario, que vean en cada puerto una oportunidad de crecimiento e inversión. Gobierno: Trabajar de la mano con el apoyo del gobierno para generar sinergia y crear mejores oportunidades de negocio con otros países.Down below, it is present the most important strategic factors that focused adequately and with an effective administration of the resources could generate much more value to the port activity of the Atlantic Colombian Coast: To take advantage of the existing resources: The existing, terrestrial and fluvial routes provide high value to the managing of the goods. Investment in improvement and maintenance will generate improvement in times of transporting. Continue training and acquisition of new technology: To acquire technology is vital, but to qualify to the human talent is other one 50 % of the work to be able to exhaust 100 % and that way it does the investment a money validated. Signature of Agreements of cooperation Ports Brothers: the enrichment of knowledge is basic, to share experiences, to generate meetings that allow realizing alliances of cooperation where it is possible to reach world standards of development to extend the market. To create opportunity of business for clients: to generate a sure environment for the pack of the shipping lines is the best image for the port market, which it can be seen in each port an opportunity of growth and investment. Govern: To work hand by hand with the support of the government to generate synergy and to create better opportunities of business with other countries.Centro de Estudios Empresariales para la Perdurabilida

Multilevel correlates of household anthropometric typologies in Colombian mothers and their infants

Background. The aim of this study was to establish the association of maternal, family, and contextual correlates of anthropometric typologies at the household level in Colombia using 2005 Demographic Health Survey (DHS/ENDS) data.Methods. Household-level information from mothers 18-49 years old and their children less than 5 years old was included. Stunting and overweight were assessed for each child. Mothers were classified according to their body mass index. Four anthropometric typologies at the household level were constructed: normal, underweight, overweight, and dual burden. Four three-level [households (n = 8598) nested within municipalities (n = 226), nested within states (n = 32)] hierarchical polytomous logistic models were developed. Household log-odds of belonging to one of the four anthropometric categories, holding 'normal' as the reference group, were obtained.Results. This study found that anthropometric typologies were associated with maternal and family characteristics of maternal age, parity, maternal education, and wealth index. Higher municipal living conditions index was associated with a lower likelihood of underweight typology and a higher likelihood of overweight typology. Higher population density was associated with a lower likelihood of overweight typology.Conclusion. Distal and proximal determinants of the various anthropometric typologies at the household level should be taken into account when framing policies and designing interventions to reduce malnutrition in Colombia. Copyright © The Author(s) 2018

Mechanical Imperfections Effect on the Minimum Stability Limit of Liquid Bridges

The bifurcation to unstable equilibrium shapes in the neighborhood of the minimum volume stability limit of liquid bridges has been described by using the Lyapunov–Schmidt technique. Prior to the bifurcation analysis, the stability limits of axisymmetric liquid bridges (both that of maximum and that of minimum volume) have been analytically calculated when the liquid bridge supports are two circular, coaxial disks. The interface shapes have been parametrically described and the parameters corresponding to the marginally stable shapes have been determined in terms of elliptic variables. Bifurcation equations have been obtained analytically describing the behavior near the critical points previously calculated and the effect of small axisymmetric imperfections has been considered. The considered imperfections are inequality in the diameter of the supporting disks, small body forces due to an axial gravity, and liquid bridge rotation as a solid bod

Maternal and familial correlates of anthropometric typologies in the nutrition transition of Colombia, 2000–2010

Q2Q1Objective: We aimed to assess the maternal and family determinants of four anthropometric typologies at the household level in Colombia for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. Design: We classified children <5 years old according to height-for-age Z-score (2) to assess stunting and overweight/obesity, respectively; mothers were categorized according to BMI to assess underweight (<18·5 kg/m2 ) and overweight/obesity (≥25·0 kg/m2 ). At the household level, we established four final anthropometric typologies: normal, underweight, overweight and dual-burden households. Separate polytomous logistic regression models for each of the surveyed years were developed to examine several maternal and familial determinants of the different anthropometric typologies. Setting: National and sub-regional (urban and rural) representative samples from Colombia, South America. Subjects: Drawing on data from three waves of Colombia’s Demographic and Health Survey/Encuesta Nacional de Salud (DHS/ENDS), we examined individual and household information from mothers (18–49 years) and their children (birth– 5 years). Results: Higher parity was associated with an increased likelihood of overweight and dual burden. Higher levels of maternal education were correlated with lower prevalence of overweight, underweight and dual burden of malnutrition in all data collection waves. In 2010, participation in nutrition programmes for children <5 years, being an indigenous household, food purchase decisions by the mother and food security classification were also associated with the four anthropometric typologies. Conclusions: Results suggest that maternal and family correlates of certain anthropometric typologies at the household level may be used to better frame policies aimed at improving social conditions and nutrition outcomes.Revista Internacional - Indexad

On the Stability Limit Change due to Imperfections

The minimum volume stability limit of axisymmetric liquid bridges has been obtained in the past for zero Bond number, no solid body rotation and equal disks. When gravity, rotation or different disk diameters are considered, only a few numerical results are available and the singular case of small values of these parameters have been only partly considered. An analytical study using the Lyapunov-Schmidt method considering small values of gravity, disk diameter ratio and rotation rate is presented and the variation of the stability limit determined

Análisis Preliminar de la Influencia del Proceso de Torneado en la vida a fatiga de la Aleación de Aluminio UNS A92024-T351

Generalmente los elementos estructurales metálicos de las aeronaves se ubican en zonas de carga crítica, en la mayoría de los casos, estos elementos son conformados mediante procesos de mecanizado. La vida a fatiga de estos componentes es una propiedad dinámica muy importante que puede verse intensamente afectada por las condiciones superficiales producidas durante el proceso de mecanizado. En este trabajo se lleva a cabo un primer estudio de la influencia de los parámetros de corte en la resistencia a la fatiga de piezas torneadas de la aleación de aluminio aeronáutico UNS A92024-T351. Se ha prestado especial atención a la relación con el acabado superficial evaluado a partir de la rugosidad media aritmétic