25 research outputs found
On the potential contribution of rooftop PV to a sustainable electricity mix: the case of Spain
This work evaluates the potential contribution of rooftop PV to the future
electricity mix. Several sustainable scenarios are considered, each comprising
different shares of centralized renewables, rooftop PV and storage. For each
generation scenario, the storage capacity that balances the net hourly demand
is determined, and the portfolio combination that minimizes the cost of
supplying electricity is obtained. The analysis is applied to mainland Spain,
using public information and detailed granular models, both in time (hourly
resolution) and space (municipal level). For the Spanish case, when the
flexibility of hydro and biomass generation is taken into account, the
least-cost portfolio involves rather modest storage capacities, in the order of
daily rather than seasonal values. This shows that a sustainable, almost
emissions-free electricity system for Spain is possible, at a cost that can be
even lower than current wholesale market prices.Comment: 7 tables & 11 figures in the main body (24 pages), and 13 pages for
the supplementary material, wit
Cyber-physical framework for emulating distributed control systems in smart grids
This paper proposes a cyber-physical framework for investigating distributed control systems operating in the context of smart-grid applications. At the moment, the literature focuses almost exclusively on the theoretical aspects of distributed intelligence in the smart-grid, meanwhile, approaches for testing and validating such systems are either missing or are very limited in their scope. Three aspects need to be taken into account while considering these applications: (1) the physical system, (2) the distributed computation platform, and (3) the communication system. In most of the previous works either the communication system is neglected or oversimplified, either the distributed computation aspect is disregarded, either both elements are missing. In order to cover all these aspects, we propose a framework which is built around a fleet of low-cost single board computers coupled with a real-time simulator. Additionally, using traffic control and network emulation, the flow of data between different controllers is shaped so that it replicates various quality of service (QoS) conditions.
The versatility of the proposed framework is shown on a study case in which 27 controllers self-coordinate in order to solve the distributed optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm in a dc network
Robustness of electricity systems with nearly 100% share of renewables: a worst-case study
Several research studies have shown that future sustainable electricity
systems, mostly based on renewable generation and storage, are feasible with
current technologies and costs. However, recent episodes of extreme weather
conditions, probably associated with climate change, cast shades of doubt on
whether the resulting generation portfolios are sufficiently robust to assure,
at all times, a suitable balance between generation and demand, when adverse
conditions are faced. To address this issue, this work elaborates a methodology
intended to determine a sustainable electricity system that can endure extreme
weather conditions, which are likely to occur. First, using hourly production
and demand data from the last decade, along with estimates of new uses of
electricity, a worst-case scenario is constructed, including the storage
capacity and additional photovoltaic power which are needed to serve the demand
on an hourly basis. Next, several key parameters which may have a significant
influence on the LCOE are considered, and a sensitivity analysis is carried out
to determine their real impact, significance and potential trends. The proposed
methodology is then applied to the Spanish system. The results show that, under
the hypotheses and conditions considered in this paper, it is possible to
design a decarbonized electricity system that, taking advantage of existing
sustainable assets, satisfies the long-term needs by providing a reliable
supply at an average cost significantly lower than current market prices.Comment: 33 pages, 13 figures, 10 table
Grid-forming VSC control in four-wire systems with unbalanced nonlinear loads
A grid-forming voltage source converter (VSC) is responsible to hold voltage and frequency in autonomous operation of isolated systems. In the presence of unbalanced loads, a fourth leg is added to provide current path for neutral currents. In this paper, a novel control scheme for a four-leg VSC feeding unbalanced linear and nonlinear loads is proposed. The control is based on two control blocks. A main control commands the switching sequence to the three-phase VSC ensuring balanced three-phase voltage at the output; and an independent control to the fourth leg drives neutral currents that might appear. The proposed control is noninvasive in the sense that both control blocks are independently implemented, avoiding the use of complex modulation techniques such as 3D-SVPWM. Moreover, the main control is deployed in dqo reference frame, which guarantees zero steady-state error, fast transient response during system disturbances and mitigation of harmonics when nonlinear loads are present. Simulations and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy.Unión Europea Grant 60777
Fast Determination of Saddle-Node Bifurcations via Parabolic Approximations in the Infeasible Region
On the use of PMUs in power system state estimation
peer reviewedSynchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) are becoming a reality in
more and more power systems, mainly at the transmission level. This paper
presents, in a tutorial manner, the benefits that existing and future State
Estimators (SE) can achieve by incorporating these devices in the monitoring
process. After a review of the relevant PMU technological aspects and the
associated deployment issues (observability, optimal location, etc.), the
alternative SE formulations in the presence of PMUs are revisited. Then,
several application environments are separately addressed, regarding the
enhancements potentially brought about by the use of PMUs.PEGAS
Parameter Estimation for Hot-spot Thermal Model of Power Transformers Using Unscented Kalman Filters
This paper presents a parameter estimation technique for the hot-spot thermal model of power transformers. The proposed technique is based on the unscented formulation of the Kalman filter, jointly considering the state variables and parameters of the dynamic thermal model. A two-stage estimation technique that takes advantage of different loading conditions is developed, in order to increase the number of parameters which can be identified. Simulation results are presented, which show that the observable parameters are estimated with an error of less than 3%. The parameter estimation procedure is mainly intended for factory testing, allowing the manufacturer to enhance the thermal model of power transformers and, therefore, its customers to increase the lifetime of these assets. The proposed technique could be additionally considered in field applications if the necessary temperature measurements are available