Análisis del ciberataque para la seguridad de los estados y su incidencia en la transformación del status quo: Stuxnet el virus informático

La presente investigación realiza un análisis del caso Stuxnet, las implicaciones en seguridad que trae consigo el uso del ciberataque como un medio para alterar o cambiar las relaciones de poder entre los Estados. Se examina bajo la teoría del realismo estructuralista de Kenneth Waltz, el cual expone acerca de las dinámicas al interior de la estructura del sistema internacional y los constreñimientos que están sujetos a ella. Los Estados están interesados principalmente en su seguridad con el objetivo de sobrevivir y ello puede dirigir sus intereses para generar acciones que lo sostengan y aminore el riesgo o amenaza. El ciberataque Stuxnet responde a esta teoría como un medio por parte de Israel para deteriorar las capacidades nucleares de Irán, y reducir su rol en las relaciones de poder tanto en la región como en el ámbito internacional, además de contribuir a su propia supervivencia dependiente en el ámbito de la seguridad.The following investigation performs an insight of the Virus Stuxnet and its implications on security that follow with its use, as a means to alter or change the power relations between states. This is done using the theory of Structural Realism from Kenneth Waltz, which talks about the dynamics inside the international system and its constraints that are subject to it. States are interested primarily in their safety with the porpoise of survival and that may direct the rest of its interests upon actions to sustain it and lower the risk or threat. The Ciberattack of Stuxnet responds to this theory as a means by Israel to impair the nuclear capabilities of Iran, and reduce its role on the power relations both in the region and in the international atmosphere, as well contribute to its own survival dependent in the field of securityVICENTRE TORRIJOS, FACULTAD DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES UNIVERSIDAD DEL ROSARI

plan de negocio para la creación de una plataforma tipo «crowdlending» como punto de encuentro entre prestamistas y prestatarios bajo el enfoque «peer to peer» en el Oriente Antioqueño

This business plan is formulated to determine the technical, operational and financial viability of LENDER, a virtual platform type Crowdlending under the peer to peer approach , which will serve as a meeting point between lenders and borrowers to meet financing needs between peers in eastern Antioquia. Crowdlending is one of the four types of crowdfunding, which is nothing more than a collective and collaborative financing. Acrode a EmprendePyme (s.(f), crowdfunding is an alternative for those who have a project, whatever its scope, and who are looking for financing to be able to carry it out. There are four types of crowdfunding, namely (I) Equity Crowdfunding in which investors receive a stake in the company or project as shareholders, (II) Grant Crowdfunding, which is aimed at solidarity projects, (III) Crowdfunding of loans, also known as crowdlending and in which people as investors lend money, recovering their investment after a period of time plus a percentage of interest and (IV) Crowfunding of rewards, in which people who invest receive a tangible item or service in exchange for their money The platform, as a value proposal, will allow to satisfy natural and legal persons of the region the need to access to credits in a new way; Under a collaborative approach, people as lenders (who, under the attribute of loans, will transact money) and borrowers (who, will be takers of the money borrowed in exchange for the fulfillment of commercial clauses) will be able to meet their personal and business financing needs in a practical, reliable and safe way without having to submit to bureaucratic procedures of the credit institutions, much less to informal credits (exchange houses or "drop by drop").Rionegro, Antioqui

Relaxation mechanisms in ultra-low damping Fe80Co20 thin films

Ferromagnetic thin films with ultra-low damping constants (α) are intensively studied for applications in spintronic devices. We report here the influence of the sputtering conditions (deposition power and temperature) on the magnetic properties of Fe80Co20/Ta bilayers deposited on MgO (0 0 1) and Si (0 0 1) which have been studied using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and magneto-optic Kerr-effect (MOKE) techniques. We have found that for the studied fabrication conditions the samples deposited on MgO (0 0 1) have [1 0 0] epitaxial growth with a cubic anisotropy field Hc ~ 300 Oe, while those sputtered on Si (0 0 1) grow polycrystalline with a small uniaxial anisotropy due to the deposition conditions. With measurements at different excitation frequencies we have determined exceptionally low damping values for ferromagnetic conductors (α ~ 3 × 10−3), which makes the Fe80Co20/Ta system an excellent candidate for future applications in spintronic devices. From the analysis of the dependence of the FMR linewidth on the orientation of the applied magnetic field and the excitation frequency in FMR experiments, we were able to separate the contribution of the different relaxation mechanisms (Gilbert damping, two magnon scattering and mosaicity) to the linewidth and to explain quantitatively the observed behavior.Fil: Velázquez Rodriguez, Daniel. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Gomez, Javier Enrique. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Alejandro, Gabriela. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Avilés Félix, Luis. Universite Grenoble Alpes; FranciaFil: Van Landeghem, Melissa. Universite Libre de Bruxelles. Universiteit Antwerpen; BélgicaFil: Goovaerts, Etienne. Universite Libre de Bruxelles. Universiteit Antwerpen; BélgicaFil: Butera, Alejandro Ricardo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentin

On the analysis of capacitive rectangular waveguide discontinuities close to arbitrarily shaped conducting and dielectric posts

In this work, we propose an integral equation technique for the efficient analysis of capacitive step discontinuities in rectangular waveguides. The method allows for the inclusion of a number of arbitrarily shaped posts in the vicinity of the step discontinuity. The posts can be both metallic or composed of homogeneous dielectric materials. The integral equation formulation is based on the Surface Equivalence Principle, and uses the parallel plate Green’s functions that take into account for the boundary conditions imposed by the host waveguide. The formulation is written in the mixed spatial-spectral frequency domain, and takes advantage of the symmetry of the problem by reducing the original three dimensional (3D) problem to a so called 2.5D problem. The numerical technique has been validated with simulation examples, namely, two lowpass filters that use conducting and dielectric posts of different shapes as impedance inverters. The results provided by the method that we propose have been also compared to those obtained with a commercial full-wave software tool (ANSYS HFSS), showing in all cases a very good agreement with substantially higher computational efficiency.This research work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad in the frame of the projects Ref. TEC2016-75934-C4-1-R, and Ref. TEC2016-75934-C4-4-R. We also thank the Ph.D.scholarship granted by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, with Ref. FPU15/02883

Desarrollo de un método de calibración para el prototipo de macromedición de tipo proporcional en laboratorio

El agua es uno de los recursos mas importantes que el ser humano necesita para vivir, y para evitar un uso ineficiente se necesita mejorar la administración y control técnico para su consumo diario. Una de las preocupaciones de las empresas prestadoras del servicio de agua son los índices tan altos del agua no contabilizada tanto de los países industrializados como de los países en desarrollo, sin embargo, las consecuencias derivadas de las pérdidas de agua y del agua no contabilizada son más graves para los países de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe1. En Colombia los porcentajes de agua no contabilizada son demasiados altos, pero mucho más en las localidades pequeñas superando el 51%; Hasta ahora se ha iniciado el proceso para disminuir las pérdidas de agua en los sistemas de abastecimiento a través del programa de agua no contabilizada (ANC), patrocinado por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico desde el año 2000, y por el Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial2. Son escasas las empresas operadoras de sistemas de abastecimiento de agua en la Región que presentan índices de pérdidas inferiores al 30%; es probable que el promedio esté por encima del 50%. No obstante, la información sólo se basa en estimados, pues son pocos los sistemas que realizan macromedición de toda su producción y menos aún los que cuentan con micro-medición integral3. El objetivo de este proyecto es desarrollar un prototipo de macromedición en el laboratorio debidamente calibrado, el cual puede ser una opción tecnológica 1 CEPIS 2000 2 MAVDT 2000 3 CRA 2003 confiable, de fácil acceso, que requiere baja inversión para las empresas de acueducto de pequeñas localidades, es decir una herramienta que permite a las empresas prestadoras del servicio tener un control de los volúmenes de agua del sistema a bajo costo.Water is one of the most important resources that human beings need to live, and to avoid inefficient use it is necessary to improve the administration and technical control for its daily consumption. One of the concerns of water service providers is the high levels of unaccounted for water in both industrialized and developing countries, however, the consequences of water losses and unaccounted for water are more serious for the countries of the Latin American and Caribbean Region1. In Colombia the percentages of unaccounted for water are too high, but much more in small towns, exceeding 51%; Until now, the process to reduce water losses in supply systems has been started through the unaccounted-for water program (ANC), sponsored by the Ministry of Economic Development since 2000, and by the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development2. There are few companies that operate water supply systems in the Region with loss rates of less than 30%; the average is likely to be above 50%. However, the information is only based on estimates, since few systems carry out macro-measurement of all their production and even fewer those that have integral micro-measurement3. The objective of this project is to develop a properly calibrated macro-measurement prototype in the laboratory, which can be a technological option 1 CEPIS 2000 2 MAVDT 2000 3 CRA 2003 Reliable, easily accessible, which requires low investment for water supply companies in small towns, that is, a tool that allows service providers to have control of the volumes of water in the system at low cost

New records of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) associated with Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in cherry and berry crops from Argentina

New records of the ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) associated with Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the provinces of Tucumán, Río Negro and Neuquén are cited. Detections occurred in blueberry, raspberry and cherry crops. The records from Río Negro and Neuquén constitute the southernmost report of the species. Diagnosis and prevalence of the parasitoid are briefly discussed.Se citan nuevos registros del ectoparasitoide Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) asociado a Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) en las provincias de Tucumán, Río Negro y Neuquén. Las detecciones ocurrieron en cultivos de arándano, frambuesa y cereza. Los registros de Río Negro y Neuquén constituyen el reporte más austral de la especie. Se comentan brevemente la diagnosis y la prevalencia del parasitoide.EEA FamailláFil: Funes, Claudia Fernanda. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá; ArgentinaFil: Garrido, Silvina Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Aquino Daniel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Aquino Daniel Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Aquino Daniel Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal. Curso Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Escobar, Lorena Ines. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá; ArgentinaFil: Escobar, Lorena Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecoetológicas de Moscas de la Fruta y sus Enemigos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Segade, Carolina Belen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Cichón, Liliana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Ovruski Alderete, Sergio Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Kirschbaum, Daniel Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá; ArgentinaFil: Kirschbaum, Daniel Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia. Cátedra de Horticultura; Argentin

Controlling the crystalline and magnetic texture in sputtered Fe 0.89 Ga 0.11 thin films: Influence of substrate and thermal treatment

In this work we present a careful study on the relationship between the magnetic and structural properties of a highly magnetostrictive Fe0.89Ga0.11 (Fe-Ga) alloy deposited onto glass, Si and MgO substrates. When grown on glass, the films are polycrystalline with randomly oriented grains without any texture, while the ones on Si and MgO present preferred growth directions. Fe-Ga/Si films show a [1 1 3] fibre-like texture, and Fe-Ga/MgO presents a quasi monocrystalline behavior with the (1 0 0) film plane direction parallel to the substrate surface. When Fe-Ga/MgO films are annealed an additional (1 1 0) texture is also observed. Magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) show that the magnetic behavior is closely related to the structural observed textures. Furthermore, the structural analysis allowed us to get a deeper understanding of the magnetic behavior. This point is very important to get the ability of controlling the crystalline texture by means of growing onto different substrates and/or thermal treatments, which in turns opens the possibility of handling the magnetic texture which is particularly important in magnetostrictive materials for electronic devices.Fil: Ramírez Chamorro, Gerardo Alexis. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Malamud, Florencia. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Gomez, Javier Enrique. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Luis M.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Fregenal, Daniel Eduardo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Butera, Alejandro Ricardo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Milano, Julian. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad Ejecutora Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología; Argentin

Efficient Calculation of the 3-D Rectangular Waveguide Green’s Functions Derivatives by the Ewald Method

In this contribution, the Ewald method has efficiently been applied to accelerate the computation of the rectangular waveguide Green’s functions derivatives. Based on previous works, we have outlined new approximation formulae that avoid the evaluation of computationally expensive complementary error functions of complex argument, needed by the Ewald method. This is possible when the internal medium of the rectangular waveguide is homogeneous and lossless. On the other hand, different convergence numerical studies have been carried out, showing a similar convergence rate for computing the original Green’s functions and their derivatives. Moreover, we have checked that the computational time is only slightly increased for obtaining the derivatives as compared to the original Green’s functions, after the application of these new techniques. The new derived expressions are useful for the evaluation of electromagnetic fields, the characterization of dielectric materials and step discontinuities between rectangular waveguides, and the analysis of rectangular cavities using integral equation formulations. For validation, the electric field produced by a surface electric current density with a rectangular pulse distribution has been evaluated, using the new proposed expressions. These results have been compared to simulations provided by a full-wave finite elements commercial software to verify their correctness, exhibiting a good agreement