Unia Europejska a religia

The founding fathers of EU wanted to build a united Europe, which would be based on Christian values. However, they saw also the need to separate the secular authority from the religious. Therefore, it seems to be very interesting to examine how this question have been solved. The aim of the article is to present an attitude of the European Union toward religion over the past few decades, as well as to analyze the dynamics of relations between the EU - Church and guarantees that the EU provides to individuals in the area of freedom of religion

Volatile compounds from different species of Lycopodium with anti-tuberculosis activity

Different species belonging to the genus Lycopodium L. (Lycopodiaceae) were used in folk medicine due to their antibacterial, healing effects on wounds, and properties used in the treatment of mental diseases, like amnesia, schizophrenia and different types of dementia.                Extracts containing volatiles obtained from different Lycopodium species: L. clavatum, L. annotinum, and Huperzia serrata (syn. Lycopodium serratum Thunb.), were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts of the mentioned species collected in different geographical sites (in Poland and Ukraine) have shown interesting activities.                Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) values for the extracts were determined by a 96-well microplate method with alamarBlue (Invitrogen). The inoculum of the reference strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra in Middlebrook 7H9 broth (Difco) was 5 x 105 cfu/mL per well, according to CLSI standards. Serial twofold dilutions of the extracts ranged from 8 to 256 µg/mL. As the internal control of the method, serial twofold dilutions of four first-line antibiotics dedicated to tuberculosis treatment: isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ethambutol (EMB), and streptomycin (SM) were used [1,2]