Frequency of Hyponatremia in Gastroentric Patients Treated with Intravenous Hypotonic Fluid

How to Cite This Article: Badeli HR, Golshekan K, Shahrdami M, Azizi Asl MR, Hassanzadeh Rad A. Frequency of Hyponatremia in Gastroentric Patients Treated with Intravenous Hypotonic Fluid. J Ped.  Nephrology 2013 July;1(1):23-27. Introduction: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the most common infectious illnesses of childhood. While no treatment is needed for self-limited virus-induced AGE, dehydration caused by diarrhea and emesis is of great concern and should be treated vigorously. However, there is no consensus on the most appropriate electrolyte composition of intravenous fluids; therefore, according to basic protocols in our hospital which suggest hypotonic fluid therapy for AGE, investigators aimed to assess the frequency of hyponatremia in gastroenteritis patients treated with intravenous hypotonic fluid therapy.Materials and Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted at 17 Shahrivar Pediatrics Hospital between September 2008 and January 2011. The patients’ medical records were assessed and children aged between 1 month and 14 years with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis and dehydration were enrolled in the study. According to sodium concentration at T0, patients were divided into three groups: hyponatremic, hypernatrmic and isonatremic. The blood samples were analyzed for the sodium concentration at T0 and during 24 hours. Statistical analyses were performed by T test and chi-square using SPSS18 and statistical significance was defined as a p-value less than 0.05.Results: The mean age of the participants was 16.43±11.1 months; 58 patients were male (67.4%) and 28 were female (32.6%). At T0, 35 patients (40.7%) were hyponatremic, 2 patients (2.3%) were hypernatremic and 49 patients were isonatremic. Sodium concentration in the hyponatremic and isonatrmic group were 137.25±1.9 and 138.29±2.04 mEq/L respectively which showed a significant difference (p=0.028).Conclusions: Our study showed that increased sodium intake could decrease acquired hyponatremia. It seems that hyponatremia could be prevented by administering high sodium concentration fluids. Keywords: Hyponatremia; Gastroenteritis; Hypotonic Solution; Intravenous Infusio

Synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and pyrano[2, 3-d]pyrimidinone derivatives using Fe3O4@Ph-PMO-NaHSO4 as a new magnetically separable nanocatalyst

Immobilized NaHSO4 on core/shell phenylene bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Ph-PMO-NaHSO4) as a new acidic magnetically separable nanocatalyst was successfully prepared in three steps: (i) preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by a precipitation method, (ii) synthesis of an organic-inorganic periodic mesoporous organosilica structure with phenyl groups on the surface of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and (iii) finally adsorption of NaHSO4 on periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) network. The prepared organic-inorganic magnetic reagent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N-2 adsorption-desorption and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Finally, it was used as a reusable and new catalyst to promote the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidinone derivatives as important biologically active compounds. Eco-friendly protocol, high yields, short reaction times and easy and quick isolation of the products are the main advantages of this procedure

Periodic mesoporous organosilica containing bridges with N-sulfonic acid groups : a new catalyst for the efficient formylation of amines and alcohols

In this study, periodic mesoporous organosilica containing bridges withN-sulfonic acid groups (SA-PMO), was easily prepared in two steps: (i) preparation of periodic mesoporous organosilica containing amine-bridges (AM-PMO) via co-condensation of bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] amine and tetraethoxysilane and (ii) functionalization of AM-PMO with sulfonic acid. The formation and morphology of the reagent were confirmed by N(2)adsorption-desorption isotherms, pH measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared FT-IR analysis. After identification, the catalytic ability of this reagent was investigated in the formylation of amines and alcohols using formic acid. Eco-friendly protocol, excellent yields, short reaction times, reusability of the catalyst and easy and quick isolation of the products are the main advantages of the presented method

Periodic mesoporous organosilica containing bridged N‐sulfonic acid groups : promotion of the synthesis of N,N’‐diarylformamidines, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles

In this study, the successful synthesis of periodic mesoporous organosilica containing bridged N-sulfonic acid groups (SA-PMO) is demonstrated. The formation and morphology of the reagent were confirmed by N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pH measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. After identification, the catalytic activity of this reagent was investigated in the synthesis of N,N'-diarylformamidines, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles. Eco-friendly protocol, excellent yields, short reaction times, ease of preparation, reusability of the catalyst and easy isolation of the products are the main advantages of this protocol. The considerable efficiency of the catalyst can be related to its high surface area, large pore volume and high acidity

Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Containing Bridged N

In this study, the successful synthesis of periodic mesoporous organosilica containing bridged N-sulfonic acid groups (SA-PMO) is demonstrated. The formation and morphology of the reagent were confirmed by N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pH measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. After identification, the catalytic activity of this reagent was investigated in the synthesis of N,N'-diarylformamidines, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles. Eco-friendly protocol, excellent yields, short reaction times, ease of preparation, reusability of the catalyst and easy isolation of the products are the main advantages of this protocol. The considerable efficiency of the catalyst can be related to its high surface area, large pore volume and high acidity

Efficiency of NaHSO4 modified periodic mesoporous organosilica magnetic nanoparticles as a new magnetically separable nanocatalyst in the synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo quinazolinone/pyrimidine derivatives

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Dynamic modelling and numerical treatment of a packed bed heat store

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Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of β-amino ketones via a Mannich reaction catalyzed by Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles as an efficient, recyclable and heterogeneous catalyst

In this study, magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) were introduced as a heterogeneous novel catalyst for ultrasound-assisted stereoselective synthesis of β-amino carbonyl during Mannich reaction. For this propose, MNPs with particle size lower than 40 nm were synthesized via a chemical precipitation method. The prepared MNPs were characterized by IR, XRD and SEM and the applicability of the synthesized MNPs for catalysis of Mannich reaction was investigated. An orthogonal array design (OAD) was employed to study the effects of various parameters on the reaction conditions. In order to have the highest reaction yield, the effects of various experimental parameters (four parameters at four levels) including the type of solvent, temperature, amount of catalyst (MNPs) and reaction time were studied with the orthogonal array design method and optimized. The present methodology offers several advantages, such as good yields, short reaction times and a recyclable catalyst with a very easy work up. In addition, the obtained results indicated that MNPs can be used as an effective and inexpensive catalyst for stereoselective synthesis of β-amino carbonyl by a one-pot three component condensation of aldehydes, ketones and amines