Accumulation of Zearalenone in Herbage of Winter Pasture Situated in West Poland

The importance of winter pastures in beef production in Europe has been growing steadily. In Poland, especially in its western part, there are already farms which utilise pasture swards during late autumn and winter. The major problem, however, is the quality of forage ingested by animals as it tends to deteriorate with the passage of the vegetation season with danger of accumulation of various mycotoxins (Laser et al., 2003) of which the most important is zearalenone (ZEA)

Exactly solvable models for multiatomic molecular Bose-Einstein condensates

I introduce two family of exactly solvable models for multiatomic hetero-nuclear and homo-nuclear molecular Bose-Einstein condensates through the algebraic Bethe ansatz method. The conserved quantities of the respective models are also showed.Comment: 11 page

Zastosowanie niskoenergetycznego procesu obróbki surowców roślinnych (ziarn zbóż) skażonych mykotoksynami

During cereals silage process 80-90% decomposition of zearalenone and ochratoxin A was observed. During lactic fermentation decomposition of ochratoxin A was in range 9-99% and was depended on activity of bacteria. The highest activity exhibited inoculum of lactic acid bacteria stored up to one week at + 4°C.Badano zachowanie się ochratoksyny A oraz zearalenonu podczas procesów fermentacyjnych (fermentacja mlekowa i silosowanie): 80-90% rozkładu wymienionych toksyn zaobserwowano w ziarnie zakażonej kukurydzy podczas 10-tygodniowego silosowania oraz podczas 5-tygodniowego silosowania w ziarnie zakażonej pszenicy. Obecność mykotoksyn nie wpłynęła na przebieg procesów fermentacji. Podczas fermentacji mlekowej obecna w kulturach bakteryjnych ochratoksyna A rozkładała się do nowego związku wykazującego niebieską fluorescencję. Najwyższy (90%) stopień rozkładu obserwowano przy zastosowaniu jednotygodniowej kultury bakteryjnej przetrzymywanej w temp. 4°C. Starsze kultury bakteryjne (trzytygodniowe) wykazywały podobną aktywność przy podwójnym ich pasażowaniu. Wiek kultury bakteryjnej, sposób przygotowania inoculum oraz obecność ochratoksyny A nie wpływały na ilość produkowanego kwasu mlekowego

Degradacja wielopierścioniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych przez kompost po uprawie Agaricus bisporus i Lentinula edodes

The cultivation of fungi is associated with the large production of spent mushroom compost (SCM), that have great ability to degrade lignin-like pollutants. The use of SMC to clean up contaminated soil is a promising alternative to other more expensive methods. A 12-week experiment with spent mushroom composts from Agaricus bisporus (champignon) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake) was carried out to compare their ability to degrade PAHs. The degradation of PAHs by Agaricus bisporus was in the following order: anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene (87, 85, 83 and 79% of the control). The strongest degradation by Lentinula edodes was confirmed for anthracene (86% of the control), then for phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene (78, 70 and 63% of the control, respectively). After a brief reduction of naphthalene content, a rapid increase was noted for both Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus (170 and 149% of the control, respectively, at the end of the experiment).Produkcja grzybów związana jest z wytwarzaniem dużej ilości kompostu, który wykazuje możliwości degradacji ligninopodobnych zanieczyszczeń. Wykorzystanie kompostu do oczyszczania skażonych gleb jest obiecującą alternatywą w stosunku do innych droszych metod. Dwunastotygodniowe doświadczenie z użyciem kompostu pogrzybowego uzyskanego z uprawy Agaricus bisporus (pieczarki dwuzarodnikowej) i Lentinula edodes (shiitake) przeprowadzono w celu porównania ich zdolności do degradacji WWA. Degradacja WWA przez Agaricus bisporus przebiegała w następującej kolejności: antracen, piren, fluorenten, i fenantren (87, 85, 83 i 79% zwartości w próbce kontrolnej). Najsilniejszą degradacje przez Lentinula edodes potwierdzono dla antracenu (86% zwartości w próbce kontrolnej), następnie dla fenantrenu, fluorentenu i pirenu (odpowiednio 78, 70 i 63% zwartości w próbce kontrolnej). Po krótkotrwałej redukcji zawartości naftalenu stwierdzono gwałtowny jego wzrost zarówno dla Agaricus bisporus jak i Lentinula edodes (170 i 149% zwartości w próbce kontrolnej)

Effects of fungicidal protection programs on the development of fusarium head blight and the accumulation of mycotoxins in winter wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals is one of the most important pre-harvest diseases worldwide. One possible method to reduce the intensity of FHB and mycotoxin levels is to apply fungicides to wheat at the flowering stage. This paper reports the efficacy of fungicides to control FHB and reduce the associated mycotoxin biosynthesis. In a two-year experiment eight combinations of fungicides were tested. Ear inoculation with a suspension of conidia of Fusarium culmorum representing the DON chemotype, confirmed by PCR assay, was conducted during anthesis. All fungicides significantly reduced FHB severity. The best control and the highest wheat yield were obtained after the application of spiroxamine + prothioconazole at GS 29-32, combined with prothioconazole + fluoxastrobin at GS 49-55 (yield 166.5% of the control) or tebuconazole and prothioconazole (165.8%). All the other protection programs resulted in higher yields (117.1–138.5% of the control). A clear relation was observed between the disease intensity and mycotoxin concentrations

Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley doubled haploids to Fusarium culmorum head blight

Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. is a pathogen affecting seedling, head, root and stem of barley, and the infection can result in significantly reduction of yield and grain quality. The aim of the studies was to compare the susceptibility of hulless and hulled barley doubled haploids (DH) to infection with F. culmorum . Thirty DH lines (15 hulled and 15 hulless) and their parents were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the isolate of F. culmorum KF350 (IPO348-01) (nivalenol chemotype). Experiment was carried out over six years. Spike infection score, kernel weight per spike, 1000-kernel weight and percentage of plump kernels (>2.5 mm) were examined in control and inoculated plants. In addition, in three environments, nivalenol (NIV) accumulation in infected kernels was analysed. Significant influence of genotypes and environments on spike infection, yield-related traits and NIV accumulation was found in inoculated plants. Hulless genotypes appeared to be more susceptible to infection than the hulled lines. The difference in NIV accumulation was not important — mean NIV content over three environments was similar for both groups of DH lines. Results suggest that glumes adhered to seed may protect it, to a certain degree, against penetration of the pathogen inside the seed

A novel method of comparing laser trim pattern geometries of thin film resistors

We present the results from stable isotope labeled precursor feeding studies combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of labeled polyketide (PK) end-products. Feeding experiments were performed with ¹³C₈-6-methylsalicylic acid (6-MSA) and ¹³C₁₄-YWA1, both produced in-house, as well as commercial ¹³C₇-benzoic acid and ²H₇-cinnamic acid, in species of <i>Fusarium, Byssochlamys, Aspergillus</i>, and <i>Penicillium</i>. Incorporation of 6-MSA into terreic acid or patulin was not observed in any of six evaluated species covering three genera, because the 6-MSA was shunted into (2<i>Z</i>,4<i>E</i>)-2-methyl-2,4-hexadienedioic acid. This indicates that patulin and terreic acid may be produced in a closed compartment of the cell and that (2<i>Z</i>,4<i>E</i>)-2-methyl-2,4-hexadienedioic acid is a detoxification product toward terreic acid and patulin. In <i>Fusarium</i> spp., YWA1 was shown to be incorporated into aurofusarin, rubrofusarin, and antibiotic Y. In <i>A. niger</i>, benzoic acid was shown to be incorporated into asperrubrol. Incorporation levels of 0.7–20% into the end-products were detected in wild-type strains. Thus, stable isotope labeling is a promising technique for investigation of polyketide biosynthesis and possible compartmentalization of toxic metabolites