ORAL DISCOURSE GENERATED THROUGH PEERINTERACTION WHILE COMPLETING COMMUNICATIVE TASKS IN AN EFL CLASSROOM

Drawing on qualitative observation data from a case study of an EFL classroom for pre-medical students in an Indonesian university, this article examines the oral discourse generated through peer interaction while completing two types of communicative tasks in terms of how much language was generated, including the amount of the L2 generated and the use of the L1. Findings indicate that the use of communicative tasks in this specific EFL context appears to provide students with opportunities for L2 production and to diminish L1 use in class. This is largely determined by the communicative tasks used and the EFL context

ON EXAMINING COMMUNICATIVE TASKS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Studies of second language acquisition (SLA) suggest that communicative tasks can provide the conditions and processes that may facilitate second language learning. Attempting to understand how communicative tasks may promote SLA, this article examines communicative tasks in second language learning by (1) defining and categorizing tasks, (2) providing theoretical rationale for tasks with respect to meaningful oral exchanges or interaction generated from tasks, and (3) discussing how the linguistic and interactional characteristics of the exchanges may differentially promote learners' language acquisition

PERAN LAGU DALAM PENGAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS TINGKAT DASAR

Pembelajaran bahasa Inggris merupakan suatu hal yang harus dilakukan pada masa modern ini. Proses pembelajaran tersebut juga memainkan peran penting dalam pemerolehan bahasa tersebut. Sekolah memerlukan penambahan pelajaran bahasa Inggris karena minimnya jam pengajaran dari guru setempat. Kebutuhan anak-anak di sekolah tersebut merupakan hal yang harus di selesaikan oleh karena pembelajaran bahasa Inggris harus diperkenalkan dari tingkat sekolah dasar. Kehadiran para pengajar bahasa Inggris di sekolah akan sangat membantu proses pembelajaran dini dari bahasa asing, terlebih apabila pengajar tersebut dapat mengajar bahasa Inggris lewat bermacam cara. Terdapat banyak cara yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan belajar siswa, belajar lewat lagu dapat digunakan dalam proses tersebut. Belajar bahasa Inggris lewat lagu dapat menjadi sebuah sarana yang mumpuni dalam meningkatkan daya ingat maupun kemamuan siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan mudahnya lagu diikuti dann diingat oleh para siswa.______________________________________________________________________Kata Kunci: Lagu, pembalajaran bahasa Inggris

ANALISIS LAPORAN ARUS KAS PADA KOPERASI KREDIT SOLIDARITAS SANTA MARIA ASSUMPTA KUPANG

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektifitas Laporan Arus Kas pada Koperasi Kredit Solidaritas Santa Maria Assumpta periode tahun 2017-2019 dengan menggunakan rasio arus kas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi.. teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah perhitungan rasio arus kas yang terdiri dari 5 rasio yakni, Rasio Arus Kas Operasi (AKO), Rasio Total Hutang (TH), Rasio Cakupan Kas Terhadap Bunga (CKB),  Rasio Kecukupan Arus Kas (KAK), dan  Rasio Arus Kas Bersih Bebas (AKBB). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar rasio arus kas dalam kondisi tidak efektif. Pada tahun 2017, 2018, dan 2019, 3 rasio dikatakan tidak efektif yaitu Rasio Arus Kas Operasi (AKO), Rasio Total Hutang (TH), dan Rasio Kecukupan Arus Kas karena tidak memenuhi standar sedangkan 2 rasio lainnya yaitu Rasio Cakupan Kas Terhadap Bunga (CKB) dan Rasio Arus Kas Bersih Bebas (AKBB) dikatakan efektif karena dapat memenuhi standar yang ditentukan. Kata Kunci : Arus kas bersih bebas, Arus kas operasi, Cakupang kas terhadap   bunga,   Kecukupan arus kas, Laporan arus kas , Total hutang

Acoustics of early universe. I. Flat versus open universe models

A simple perturbation description unique for all signs of curvature, and based on the gauge-invariant formalisms is proposed to demonstrate that: (1) The density perturbations propagate in the flat radiation-dominated universe in exactly the same way as electromagnetic or gravitational waves propagate in the epoch of the matter domination. (2) In the open universe, sounds are dispersed by curvature. The space curvature defines the minimal frequency $\omega_{\rm c}$ below which the propagation of perturbations is forbidden. Gaussian acoustic fields are considered and the curvature imprint in the perturbations spectrum is discussed.Comment: The new version extended by 2 sections. Changes in notation. Some important comments adde

Organotypic model of the gingiva for studying bacterial and viral pathogens implicated in periodontitis

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models bridge the gap between conventional two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models. The aim of this study was to develop an organotypic 3D gingival (OTG) model to provide a tool to investigate bacterial and viral pathogens in periodontitis. Methods: The OTG model composed of gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and telomerase- immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) was constructed and applied to study infections by Porphyromonas gingivalis and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Immunohistochemical stain-ing, confocal microscopy, qPCR, titration techniques, and colony-forming unit counts were applied to interrogate epithelial markers expression, monitor P. gingivalis and HSV-1 presence, and evaluate the immune response along with the efficiency of antimicrobial drugs. Results: The OTG model resembled the morphology of the human gingiva. During infection, both pathogens penetrated deep into the tissue and persisted for a few days with P. gingivalis also forming a biofilm on the cell surface. The infection triggered the expression of inflammatory mediators in cells and both pathogens were efficiently eliminated by specific antimicrobials. Conclusions: Presented OTG model constitutes a simple and convenient tool to study the interaction between bacterial and viral pathogens within the gingival tissue, including penetration, persistence and biofilm formation. It is also suitable to examine the efficiency of antimicrobial drugs

Sharp change over from compound nuclear fission to shape dependent quasi fission

Fission fragment mass distribution has been measured from the decay of $^{246}$Bk nucleus populating via two entrance channels with slight difference in mass asymmetries but belonging on either side of the Businaro Gallone mass asymmetry parameter. Both the target nuclei were deformed. Near the Coulomb barrier, at similar excitation energies the width of the fission fragment mass distribution was found to be drastically different for the $^{14}$N + $^{232}$Th reaction compared to the $^{11}$B + $^{235}$U reaction. The entrance channel mass asymmetry was found to affect the fusion process sharply.Comment: 4 pages,6 figure

Circulating levels of anti-angiogenic VEGF-A isoform (VEGF-Axxxb) in colorectal cancer patients predicts tumour VEGF-A ratios

Purpose: Bevacizumab as an adjunct to chemotherapy improves survival for some patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Immunohistochemical staining of samples from the registration ECOG E3200 trial of bevacizumab with FOLFOX demonstrated that only patients with carcinomas expressing low levels of VEGF-A(165)b, an anti-angiogenic splice variant of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor family of proteins, benefited from bevacizumab treatment. To identify a more useful biomarker of response we tested the hypothesis that circulating VEGF-A(165)b levels correlate with immunohistochemical staining. Experimental Design: 17 patients with biopsy proven colorectal adenocarcinoma had pre-operative blood samples drawn. They underwent resection and had post-resection blood drawn. The plasma was analysed for levels of VEGF-A(xxx)b using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the tumour blocks stained for VEGF-A(xxx)b and pan-VEGF-A. The normalised ratio of VEGF-A(xxx)b expression to that of panVEGF-A expression scored by IHC was calculated and correlated with plasma VEGF-A(165)b levels. Results: Plasma levels of VEGF-A(xxx)b significantly correlated with the VEGF-A(xxx)b:panVEGF-A ratio (r=0.594, P<0.02) in colorectal cancers. Median plasma VEGF-A(xxx)b levels were 151 pg/ml. The mean (1.5±0.17) and median, IQR (1.8, 1-2) IHC scores of the patients with greater than median plasma VEGF-A(xxx)b were significantly greater than those with less than median plasma VEGF-A(xxx)b levels (mean ± SEM=0.85±10.12, median, IQR=1, 0.54-1). Conclusion: These results suggest that plasma VEGF-A(xxx)b levels could be an effective biomarker of response to Bevacizumab. These results indicate that a prospective trial is warranted to explore the use of plasma VEGF-A(xxx)b levels to stratify patients for colorectal cancer treatment by bevacizumab

Chemical fingerprints of cold physical plasmas – an experimental and computational study using cysteine as tracer compound

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species released by cold physical plasma are being proposed as effectors in various clinical conditions connected to inflammatory processes. As these plasmas can be tailored in a wide range, models to compare and control their biochemical footprint are desired to infer on the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed effects and to enable the discrimination between different plasma sources. Here, an improved model to trace short-lived reactive species is presented. Using FTIR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics computational simulation, covalent modifications of cysteine treated with different plasmas were deciphered and the respective product pattern used to generate a fingerprint of each plasma source. Such, our experimental model allows a fast and reliable grading of the chemical potential of plasmas used for medical purposes. Major reaction products were identified to be cysteine sulfonic acid, cystine, and cysteine fragments. Less-abundant products, such as oxidized cystine derivatives or S-nitrosylated cysteines, were unique to different plasma sources or operating conditions. The data collected point at hydroxyl radicals, atomic O, and singlet oxygen as major contributing species that enable an impact on cellular thiol groups when applying cold plasma in vitro or in vivo

Dysfunctional attitudes scale perfectionism: a predictor and partial mediator of acute treatment outcome among clinically depressed adolescents.

The effect of perfectionism on acute treatment outcomes was explored in a randomized controlled trial of 439 clinically depressed adolescents (12-17 years of age) enrolled in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) who received cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), fluoxetine, a combination of CBT and FLX, or pill placebo. Measures included the Children\u27s Depression Rating Scale-Revised, the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Grades 7-9, and the perfectionism subscale from the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS). Predictor results indicate that adolescents with higher versus lower DAS perfectionism scores at baseline, regardless of treatment, continued to demonstrate elevated depression scores across the acute treatment period. In the case of suicidality, DAS perfectionism impeded improvement. Treatment outcomes were partially mediated by the change in DAS perfectionism across the 12-week period