507 research outputs found
Spin Motion in Electron Transmission through Ultrathin Ferromagnetic Films Accessed by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Ab initio and model calculations demonstrate that the spin motion of
electrons transmitted through ferromagnetic films can be analyzed in detail by
means of angle- and spin-resolved core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. The
spin motion appears as precession of the photoelectron spin polarization around
and as relaxation towards the magnetization direction. In a systematic study
for ultrathin Fe films on Pd(001) we elucidate its dependence on the Fe film
thickness and on the Fe electronic structure. In addition to elastic and
inelastic scattering, the effect of band gaps on the spin motion is addressed
in particular.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Ultrathin 2 nm gold as ideal impedance-matched absorber for infrared light
Thermal detectors are a cornerstone of infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz)
technology due to their broad spectral range. These detectors call for suitable
broad spectral absorbers with minimalthermal mass. Often this is realized by
plasmonic absorbers, which ensure a high absorptivity butonly for a narrow
spectral band. Alternativly, a common approach is based on impedance-matching
the sheet resistance of a thin metallic film to half the free-space impedance.
Thereby, it is possible to achieve a wavelength-independent absorptivity of up
to 50 %, depending on the dielectric properties of the underlying substrate.
However, existing absorber films typicallyrequire a thickness of the order of
tens of nanometers, such as titanium nitride (14 nm), whichcan significantly
deteriorate the response of a thermal transducers. Here, we present the
application of ultrathin gold (2 nm) on top of a 1.2 nm copper oxide seed layer
as an effective IR absorber. An almost wavelength-independent and long-time
stable absorptivity of 47(3) %, ranging from 2 m to 20 m, could be
obtained and is further discussed. The presented gold thin-film represents
analmost ideal impedance-matched IR absorber that allows a significant
improvement of state-of-the-art thermal detector technology
Juvenile hormone regulates body size and perturbs insulin signaling in Drosophila
The role of juvenile hormone (JH) in regulating the timing and nature of insect molts is well-established. Increasing evidence suggests that JH is also involved in regulating final insect size. Here we elucidate the developmental mechanism through which JH regulates body size in developing Drosophila larvae by genetically ablating the JH-producing organ, the corpora allata (CA). We found that larvae that lack CA pupariated at smaller sizes than control larvae due to a reduced larval growth rate. Neither the timing of the metamorphic molt nor the duration of larval growth was affected by the loss of JH. Further, we show that the effects of JH on growth rate are dependent on the forkhead box O transcription factor (FOXO), which is negatively regulated by the insulin-signaling pathway. Larvae that lacked the CA had elevated levels of FOXO activity, whereas a loss-of-function mutation of FOXO rescued the effects of CA ablation on final body size. Finally, the effect of JH on growth appears to be mediated, at least in part, via ecdysone synthesis in the prothoracic gland. These results indicate a role of JH in regulating growth rate via the ecdysone- and insulin-signaling pathways.National Science Foundation Grants: (IOS-0919855, IOS-084584), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, FCT : [SFRH/Bolsas de Pós-Doutoramento (BPD)/74313/2010]
Adsorption of benzene on Si(100) from first principles
Adsorption of benzene on the Si(100) surface is studied from first
principles. We find that the most stable configuration is a
tetra--bonded structure characterized by one C-C double bond and four
C-Si bonds. A similar structure, obtained by rotating the benzene molecule by
90 degrees, lies slightly higher in energy. However, rather narrow wells on the
potential energy surface characterize these adsorption configurations. A
benzene molecule impinging on the Si surface is most likely to be adsorbed in
one of three different di--bonded, metastable structures, characterized
by two C-Si bonds, and eventually converts into the lowest-energy
configurations. These results are consistent with recent experiments.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, 2 PostScript gzipped figure
On the interpretation of spin-polarized electron energy loss spectra
We study the origin of the structure in the spin-polarized electron energy
loss spectroscopy (SPEELS) spectra of ferromagnetic crystals. Our study is
based on a 3d tight-binding Fe model, with constant onsite Coulomb repulsion U
between electrons of opposite spin. We find it is not the total density of
Stoner states as a function of energy loss which determines the response of the
system in the Stoner region, as usually thought, but the densities of Stoner
states for only a few interband transitions. Which transitions are important
depends ultimately on how strongly umklapp processes couple the corresponding
bands. This allows us to show, in particular, that the Stoner peak in SPEELS
spectra does not necessarily indicate the value of the exchange splitting
energy. Thus, the common assumption that this peak allows us to estimate the
magnetic moment through its correlation with exchange splitting should be
reconsidered, both in bulk and surface studies. Furthermore, we are able to
show that the above mechanism is one of the main causes for the typical
broadness of experimental spectra. Finally, our model predicts that optical
spin waves should be excited in SPEELS experiments.Comment: 11 pages, 7 eps figures, REVTeX fil
Ferromagnetism and Temperature-Driven Reorientation Transition in Thin Itinerant-Electron Films
The temperature-driven reorientation transition which, up to now, has been
studied by use of Heisenberg-type models only, is investigated within an
itinerant-electron model. We consider the Hubbard model for a thin fcc(100)
film together with the dipole interaction and a layer-dependent anisotropy
field. The isotropic part of the model is treated by use of a generalization of
the spectral-density approach to the film geometry. The magnetic properties of
the film are investigated as a function of temperature and film thickness and
are analyzed in detail with help of the spin- and layer-dependent quasiparticle
density of states. By calculating the temperature dependence of the
second-order anisotropy constants we find that both types of reorientation
transitions, from out-of-plane to in-plane (``Fe-type'') and from in-plane to
out-of-plane (``Ni-type'') magnetization are possible within our model. In the
latter case the inclusion of a positive volume anisotropy is vital. The
reorientation transition is mediated by a strong reduction of the surface
magnetization with respect to the inner layers as a function of temperature and
is found to depend significantly on the total band occupation.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures included (eps), Phys Rev B in pres
Predicting the Amplitude of a Solar Cycle Using the North-South Asymmetry in the Previous Cycle: II. An Improved Prediction for Solar Cycle~24
Recently, using Greenwich and Solar Optical Observing Network sunspot group
data during the period 1874-2006, (Javaraiah, MNRAS, 377, L34, 2007: Paper I),
has found that: (1) the sum of the areas of the sunspot groups in 0-10 deg
latitude interval of the Sun's northern hemisphere and in the time-interval of
-1.35 year to +2.15 year from the time of the preceding minimum of a solar
cycle n correlates well (corr. coeff. r=0.947) with the amplitude (maximum of
the smoothed monthly sunspot number) of the next cycle n+1. (2) The sum of the
areas of the spot groups in 0-10 deg latitude interval of the southern
hemisphere and in the time-interval of 1.0 year to 1.75 year just after the
time of the maximum of the cycle n correlates very well (r=0.966) with the
amplitude of cycle n+1. Using these relations, (1) and (2), the values 112 + or
- 13 and 74 + or -10, respectively, were predicted in Paper I for the amplitude
of the upcoming cycle 24. Here we found that in case of (1), the north-south
asymmetry in the area sum of a cycle n also has a relationship, say (3), with
the amplitude of cycle n+1, which is similar to (1) but more statistically
significant (r=0.968) like (2). By using (3) it is possible to predict the
amplitude of a cycle with a better accuracy by about 13 years in advance, and
we get 103 + or -10 for the amplitude of the upcoming cycle 24. However, we
found a similar but a more statistically significant (r=0.983) relationship,
say (4), by using the sum of the area sum used in (2) and the north-south
difference used in (3). By using (4) it is possible to predict the amplitude of
a cycle by about 9 years in advance with a high accuracy and we get 87 + or - 7
for the amplitude of cycle 24.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, Published in Solar Physics 252, 419-439 (2008
Modeling the Subsurface Structure of Sunspots
While sunspots are easily observed at the solar surface, determining their
subsurface structure is not trivial. There are two main hypotheses for the
subsurface structure of sunspots: the monolithic model and the cluster model.
Local helioseismology is the only means by which we can investigate
subphotospheric structure. However, as current linear inversion techniques do
not yet allow helioseismology to probe the internal structure with sufficient
confidence to distinguish between the monolith and cluster models, the
development of physically realistic sunspot models are a priority for
helioseismologists. This is because they are not only important indicators of
the variety of physical effects that may influence helioseismic inferences in
active regions, but they also enable detailed assessments of the validity of
helioseismic interpretations through numerical forward modeling. In this paper,
we provide a critical review of the existing sunspot models and an overview of
numerical methods employed to model wave propagation through model sunspots. We
then carry out an helioseismic analysis of the sunspot in Active Region 9787
and address the serious inconsistencies uncovered by
\citeauthor{gizonetal2009}~(\citeyear{gizonetal2009,gizonetal2009a}). We find
that this sunspot is most probably associated with a shallow, positive
wave-speed perturbation (unlike the traditional two-layer model) and that
travel-time measurements are consistent with a horizontal outflow in the
surrounding moat.Comment: 73 pages, 19 figures, accepted by Solar Physic
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