Investigation of Erosion Corrosion Caused by Drinking Water in the Faucet with Computational Fluid Dynamics

In this study, the reason for erosion-corrosion of drinking or mains water in the faucet was investigated by computational fluid dynamics. Pipes used in homes, the service sector, and industry are responsible for transporting different types of fluids from one place to another. Considering the faucet design, the SolidWorks program was used for 3D studies. In-faucet flow analyses were performed using Ansys Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics program based on the finite volume method. In the analyses, lime particles were chosen. At the end of the analysis, the amount of erosion in the faucet was obtained

Comparison of adjacent segment degeneration in patients using cervical cage and disc prosthesis in anterior cervical surgery

Aim: To examine the prevalence of adjacent segment degeneration associated with the use of cages and disc prostheses in patients who underwent cervical disc surgery via an anterior cervical approach. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 60 patients who underwent cervical disc surgery via an anterior cervical approach at our clinic between 2018 and 2023. The patients were divided into two groups based on the type of implant used: those with a cervical cage (Group 1) and those with a cervical disc prosthesis (Group 2). Patients' demographic and clinical details, including age, gender, smoking habits, follow-up durations, and any additional comorbid diseases, were recorded. Radiological evaluations focused on degeneration rates in the segments adjacent to where either the cage or disc prosthesis was implanted. Results: In the study comparing two groups, participants' average ages were 48.9 in Group 1 and 48.1 in Group 2 (p=0.720). Group 1 had a higher proportion of smokers (p=0.052) and more discopathy (p=0.196). In terms of disc degenerations, variations existed but were not statistically significant (p=0.259). Utilizing the Pfirrmann grading, Group 1 had more Grade III degeneration (p=0.088) and a significantly higher presence of ossification or osteophytes (p=0.038). Both groups showed high rates of adjacent segment degeneration, yet Group 1 had notably more proximal degeneration (p=0.012). Stenosis and facet hypertrophy differences were not significant (p=0.417, p=0.071). Follow-up duration averaged around 38 months for both groups (p=0.929). Conclusions: No substantial difference in the overall incidence of adjacent segment degeneration between the two procedures. Nevertheless, further large-scale and long-term studies are essential to draw comprehensive conclusions regarding the optimal surgical intervention for cervical disc ailments

COMPARISON OF THE SUCCESS OF META-HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS IN TOOL PATH PLANNING OF COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE

Carrying out an engineering process with the least cost and within the shortest time is the basic purpose in many fields of industry. In Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining, performing a process by following a certain order reduces cost and time of the process. In the literature, there are research works involving varying methods that aim to minimize the length of the CNC machine tool path. In this study, the trajectory that the CNC machine tool follows while drilling holes on a plate was discussed within the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) methods were used to solve TSP. The case that the shortest tool path was obtained was determined by changing population size parameter in GA, PSO, and GWO methods. The results were presented in tables

THE OPTIMIZATION OF DRILLER PARAMETERS FOR ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY APPLICATIONS USING MULTIOBJECTIVE GRAY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS AND RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD

In bone-drilling operations, undesirable temperature rises are experienced due to high-contact friction. These increases in temperature can damage bone and soft tissues from time to time. When the temperature exceeds 47 degrees C, osteonecrosis occurs. This article presents a new method for both the selection of optimum drilling parameters and the mathematical temperature model (T degrees C). In this study, the optimum parameter values for bone-drilling operations were found using gray relational analysis, and a mathematical model was created based on the temperature parameters using the response surface method. The accuracy of the developed analytical model has been proven by ANOVA. As a result, it has been revealed that the value of spindle speed is the most effective factor in bone-drilling operations and that the developed analytical model and experimental measurements are in harmony

Biomechanical performance using finite element analysis of different screw materials in the parallel screw fixation of Salter-Harris Type 4 fractures

WOS: 000459806000001The biomechanical performance of stainless steel, titanium alloy, cobalt-chromium and NiTi alloy has been compared to fix with parallel fixation in Salter-Harris Type 4 fractures. The best material has been determined under the axial load. 3D model of the parallel fixation has been performed via SolidWorks. Ansys Workbench software was used for numerical analyses. All boundary conditions have defined in finite element analysis (FEA) software. The boundary conditions such as the loading, contact, friction and material model have been determined for FEA. The stress values occurring in the epiphyseal plate of the femur, upper screw and lower screw have been calculated based on von-Mises criteria. At the end of numerical analyses, we have the opinion that, in practice, use of Ti screws in Salter-Harris Type 4 distal femoral fractures will be advantageous

Design and Implementation of a Control System to Mitigate Osteonecrosis in Orthopedic Bone Drilling Procedures

The drilling process in orthopedic surgery can sometimes lead to an undesired increase in temperature, which can cause serious damage to bones and soft tissues. This overheating is typically identified as a temperature above 47 °C, known as the critical limit, and can result in the condition known as osteonecrosis. This study aims to develop a new control system, using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, to prevent overheating and the resulting osteonecrosis. The bone temperature is constantly measured using a thermocouple and, when it reaches the critical temperature of 47 °C, the cooling device is activated by the PID-controlled system. This new control system makes the drill machine with cooling device more user-friendly and allows surgeons to set a desired temperature level manually

Analyzing the Effects of Tool Holder Stiffness on Chatter Vibration Reduction in Turning

This paper investigates the effects of tool holder materials on chatter vibration in turning operations. The study uses a complex dynamic turning model with two degrees of freedom for the orthogonal cutting system. Tool holders made from different materials, including Al 5083, Al 6082, Al 7012, and a standard 4140 material, were subjected to chatter vibration to investigate their process damping capabilities. The study found that the standard tool holder 4140 allows for higher stable depths of cut and produces similar process damping values compared to the other tool holders. Finite element analyses (FEA) were performed to verify the experimental results, and the modal and FEA analyses produced very similar results. The study concludes that future research should investigate the effects of tool holders made from high alloy steel alloys on process damping. Overall, this paper provides important insights into the effects of tool holder materials on chatter vibration and process damping in turning operations, which can help in the design of more efficient and effective cutting systems

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF BIOFILM AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACES OBTAINED BY CO2 LASER GAS-ASSISTED NITRIDING OF Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY

The nitriding process is a surface treatment that improves the surface properties of titanium alloys and increases wear/corrosion resistance. This study investigates the structural and mechanical property changes in titanium alloy after nitriding. Micro-hardness differences between the nitrided and non-nitrided surface and morphological changes on the surface were determined. In addition to evaluating the effect of vanadium and aluminum ions on the nonnitrided surface, the impact of nitrided and non-nitrided surfaces on biofilm layer formation was investigated. It was determined that the TiN layer formed on the nitrided surface showed superior properties to its non-nitrided surface in the biofilm tests performed for 6 h. As a result of the tensile tests, it can be said that the nitriding process increases the elasticity module of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy and provides the material to have a more rigid structure. It was also analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA) of mechanical behaviors of the test sample under the tension loads