Multivariate Study Of Nile Tilapia Byproducts Enriched With Omega-3 And Dried With Different Methods

The present work aimed at studying the effect of different drying methods applied to tilapia byproducts (heads, viscera and carcasses) fed with flaxseed, verifying the contents of omega-3 fatty acids. Two diets were given to the tilapia: a control and a flaxseed formulation, over the course of 60 days. After this period, they were slaughtered and their byproducts (heads, viscera and carcasses) were collected. These fish parts were analyzed in natura, lyophilized and oven dried. Byproducts from tilapia fed with flaxseed presented docosapentaenoic, eicopentaenoic and docosahexanoic fatty acids as a result of the enzymatic metabolism of the fish. The byproducts from the oven drying process had lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the multivariate analysis, the byproducts from fish fed with flaxseed had a greater composition of fatty acids. The addition of flaxseed in fish diets, as well as the utilization of their byproducts, may become a good business strategy. Additionally, the byproducts may be dried to facilitate transport and storage. © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, SBCTA. All rights reserved.361182

Generation of micro- and nano-bubbles in water by dissociation of gas hydrates

Gas hydrate crystals have a structure in which one molecule is enclathrated in a cage of water molecules. When such a crystal dissociates in water, each enclathrated molecule, generally vapor at standard temperature and pressure, directly dissolves into the water. After the solution is supersaturated, excess gas molecules from further dissociation start forming small bubbles called micro- and nano-bubbles (MNBs). However, it is difficult to identify such small bubbles dispersed in liquid because they are smaller than a microscope's optical resolution. To confirm the formation of MNBs after gas hydrate dissociation, we used a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to analyze freeze-fracture replicas of CH4-hydrate dissociation solution. The TEM images indicate the existence of MNBs in the solution, with a number concentration similar to that from a commercially supplied generator. Raman spectroscopic measurements on the CH4-hydrate dissociated solution were then used to confirm that the MNBs contain CH4 vapor, and to estimate experimentally the inner pressure of the CH4 MNBs. These results suggest that the dissociation of gas hydrate crystals in water is a simple, effective method to obtain MNB solution. We then discuss how such MNBs may play a key role in the memory effect of gas-hydrate recrystallization