Extended Non-Return-To-Zero Serial Channel Signaling

Methods and apparatus for serial channel operation are disclosed. An N+l -level signaling scheme is used to transmit N staggered but overlapping NRZ sub-sequences concurrently on a serial channel. Each sequence has a bit rate R and an essential bandwidth of R HZ. The combined bit rate of the channel is NxR, but due to a lack of correlation between the subsequences, the essential bandwidth remains approximately R Hz. The signaling scheme also contains redundancy that allows some errors to be detected and/or corrected. Other embodiments are also described and claimed. Patent No. : US 9,121,205 B1 Date of Patent: Feb. 21, 2012 Filed: Mar. 20, 2008 Int. Cl: H04K 1/10 (2006.01) U.S. Cl.: 375/260; 375/259 CPC Cl.: H04L 1/0063 (20130101); H04L 25/4904 (20130101); H04L 25/4917 (20130101); H04L 25/497 (2013.01) Field of Search: 375/260, 375/25

Differential Trace Profile for Printed Circuit Boards

Circuit boards and methods for their manufacture are disclosed. The circuit boards carry high-speed signals using conductors formed to include lengthwise channels. The channels increase the surface area of the conductors and therefore enhance the ability of the conductors to carry high-speed signals. In at least some embodiments, a discontinuity also exists between the dielectric constant within the channels and just outside the channels, which is believed to reduce signal loss into the dielectric material. Patent No.: US 8,168,891 BI Date of Patent: May 1, 2012 Filed: May 2, 2008 Int. Cl.: H05K 1/00 (2006.01) U.S. Cl.: 174/258; 174/255 U.S. Cl.: 375/260; 375/259 CPC Cl.: H01P 3/081 (20130101); H05K 1/0245 (20130101); H05K 1/024 (20130101); H05K 1/0216 (20130101); H05K 1/0298 (20130101); H05K 3/0091 (20130101); H05K 3/46 (20130101); H05K 1/0242 (20130101); Y10T 29/49156 (20150115); H05K 2201/09236 (20130101); H05K 2201/09745 (20130101); H05K 2201/098 (20130101); B32B 2457/08 (20130101); B32B 2309/08 (20130101); B32B 2305/076 (20130101); H05K 2201/0187 (20130101); H05K 3/4611 (20130101); H05K 1/0366 (20130101); H05K 2201/029 (20130101); Y10T 29/49165 (20150115); Y10T 29/49126 (20150115); Y10T 29/49117 (20150115); Y10T 29/49128 (20150115) Field of Search: 174/255,261,262,258; 361/777,780,794,78

Applying Geometric Morphometrics to Digital Reconstruction and Anatomical Investigation

Virtual imaging, image manipulation and morphometric methods are increasingly used in medicine and the natural sciences. Virtual imaging hardware and image manipulation software allows us to readily visualise, explore, alter, repair and study digital objects. This suite of equipment and tools combined with statistical tools for the study of form variation and covariation using Procrustes based analyses of landmark coordinates, geometric morphometrics, makes possible a wide range of studies of human variation pertinent to biomedicine. These tools for imaging, quantifying and analysing form have already led to new insights into organismal growth, development and evolution and offer exciting prospects in future biomedical applications. This chapter presents a review of commonly used methods for digital acquisition, extraction and landmarking of anatomical structures and of the common geometric morphometric statistical methods applied to investigate them: generalised Procrustes analysis to derive shape variables, principal component analysis to examine patterns of variation, multivariate regression to examine how form is influence