16 research outputs found

    Zum Einfluss von Biodiversitäts- und Arteffekten, sowie Bodenfauna auf initiale Bodenerosion in jungen subtropischen Wäldern

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    Die Bodenerosion stellt eines der weltweit bedeutendsten Umweltprobleme dar und tritt vor allem in Ökosystemen unter starker anthropogener Nutzung auf. Ein wesentlicher Einflussfaktor auf den Bodenabtrag ist hierbei die überdeckende Vegetation und insbesondere Waldökosysteme gelten als erosionsmindernd. Baumkronen beeinflussen die durch das Blätterdach fallenden Regentropfen und Laubstreu auf dem Boden schützt die Oberfläche gegen Abtrag. Biodiversitäts- und Arteffekte in der Baum- als auch in der bodenbedeckenden Laubschicht können hierbei eine Rolle spielen, wurden in der Forschung bislang aber wenig berücksichtigt. Zur Untersuchung von Diversitäts-, Art- und Bodenfauna-Effekten auf initiale Bodenerosion in subtropischen Waldökosystemen wurden experimentelle Messungen mit Erosionsmessrinnen und Splash Cups durchgeführt. Neben der Messung des natürlichen Regenfalls erfolgte eine künstliche Beregnung mit einem mobilen Regensimulator. Die Messungen fanden in einem waldbaulichen Biodiversitätsexperiment in der Volksrepublik China (BEF China) statt. In den Experimenten konnte ein deutlicher Einfluss einzelner Baum- und Blattarten auf die Bodenerosion festgestellt werden. Bei steigendem Diversitätsniveau war ein negativer Trend im Sedimentaustrag, im Oberflächenabfluss und der kinetischen Energie der Regentropfen zu verzeichnen. Es lag allerdings keine signifikante Einflussnahme vor, was mit dem frühen Sukzessionsstadium des untersuchten Waldökosystems begründet wird. Höher diverse Baumbestände zeigten eine homogenere Bodenbedeckung als Monokulturen. Unterschiedliche Monokulturen und Blattarten unterschieden sich teilweise sehr deutlich in ihren Abtragsraten. Diese Unterschiede sind bei der Auswahl von Bäumen für Aufforstungen zu berücksichtigen und zeigen bereits in sehr jungen Sukzessionsstadien Wirkung. Weiterhin beeinflussten verschiedene funktionelle Gruppen der einzelnen Baumarten die Bodenerosion. Hohe Kronenüberdeckung und Blattflächenindex führten zu geringeren Erosionsraten, während steigende Baumhöhen diese erhöhten. Die kinetische Energie der Regentropfen wurde von geringem Blattflächenindex, niedriger Baumhöhe, einfach gefiederten Blättern, gezähnten Blatträndern, einer hohen Anzahl an Ästen und geringer Kronenhöhe negativ beeinflusst. Außerdem führte das Auftreten von Bodenfauna in der Laubschicht zu einem erhöhten Sedimentabtrag

    Betrachtung von Bodeneigenschaften in ihrer Funktion als Prädiktoren für Biodiversitätsparameter: Gibt es eine "kritische" Beprobungstiefe?

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    Böden und ihre Bedeutung für wichtige Ökosystemfunktionen und -dienstleistungen sind für Forschung und Planung in unterschiedlichen Wissensbereichen von besonderem Interesse. Insbesondere in der Biodiversitätsforschung spielen Boden und Relief eine übergeordnete Rolle, um z.B. Produktivität und Artenzusammensetzung besser erklären und modellieren zu können. Das spezifische Zusammenspiel von Bodeneigenschaften und Reliefpositionen kann Gunst- bzw. Ungunstregionen für das Pflanzenwachstum ausbilden. Dieser Standorteffekt wird verstärkt bzw. abgeschwächt durch das meist mit der Tiefe nicht-lineare Verhalten spezifischer stabiler und labiler Bodeneigenschaften. Überwiegend von den Standorteigenschaften determiniert, variiert die Stärke des beschreibbaren Zusammenhangs verschiedener Biodiversitätsparameter (BDP) mit der entsprechenden Tiefenstufe. Im Rahmen der BEF-Forschergruppe Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (FOR 891) wurde in einem Waldökosystemexperiment in den Subtropen untersucht, inwiefern spezifische Beprobungstiefen den ableitbaren Zusammenhang zwischen bodenkundlichen und ökologischen Informationen beeinflussen und die Ermittlung einer „kritischen Beprobungstiefe“ mit dem entsprechend stärksten Zusammenspiel ermöglichen. Dabei wurden an 27 Plots mit einer Größe von je 900 m2 sowohl ökologische Parameter (Baumalter, Artenreichtum der Baum- und Strauchschicht, Baumwachstum, Diversitätsmaße), als auch bodenkundliche Parameter (u.a. Bodentextur, Bodenkohlenstoff, Lagerungsdichte, KAK, pH) in unterschiedlichen Tiefenstufen (0-5 cm, 0-10 cm, 0-20 cm, 0-30 cm, 0-40 cm, 0-50 cm) gemessen. Neben den Feld- und Laboranalysen wurden zusätzlich Reliefinformationen aus einem 5 m Höhenmodell abgeleitet (Northness, Eastness, Neigung, Höhe). Insgesamt wurden 66 lineare Modelle berechnet, um die Stärke des Zusammenhangs in unterschiedlichen Tiefenstufen zu quantifizieren. Eine kombinierte Analyse ergab in dem untersuchten Waldökosystem den stärksten Zusammenhang zwischen Boden- und Reliefinformationen zu den meisten ökologischen Parametern (adj. R ~ 0.7) bei einer Tiefenstufe von 0-20 cm. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Schärfung des Zusammenhangs zwischen den Bodenparametern und den BDP’s bei unterschiedlichen Beprobungstiefen und bestätigen die Annahme, dass für spezifische Boden-Pflanzen Beziehungen die entsprechende Tiefe eine hohe Relevanz besitzt. Allerdings ist anzunehmen, dass die optimale Beprobungstiefe standort- und variablenspezifisch ist

    Izloženost alergenima plijesni u unutarnjem okolišu

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    Humid indoor environments may be colonised by allergenic fi lamentous microfungi (moulds), Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Alternaria spp. in particular. Mould-induced respiratory diseases are a worldwide problem. In the last two decades, mould allergens and glucans have been used as markers of indoor exposure to moulds. Recently, mould allergens Alt a 1 (Alternaria alternata) and Asp f 1 (Aspergillus fumigatus) have been analysed in various environments (residential and occupational) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, which use monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Household Alt a 1 and Asp f 1 levels were usually under the limit of the method detection. By contrast, higher levels of mould allergens were found in environments with high levels of bioaerosols such as poultry farms and sawmills. Data on allergen Alt a 1 and Asp f 1 levels in agricultural settings may provide information on possible colonisation of respective moulds and point out to mould-related diseases in occupants.Vlažni, unutarnji prostori mogu biti kolonizirani alergogenim, filamentoznim mikrogljivicama (plijesni) uglavnom rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium i Alternaria. Respiratorne bolesti uzrokovane plijesnima zdravstveni su problem diljem svijeta. U posljednja dva desetljeća, neki sastavni dijelovi plijesni kao alergeni i glukan rabe se kao pokazatelji izloženosti plijesni u unutarnjem okolišu. Nedavno su alergeni plijesni Alt a 1 (Alternaria alternata) i Asp f 1 (Aspergillus fumigatus) određivani u različitom okolišu (kućnom i profesionalnom) enzim-imunokemijskom metodom koja rabi monoklonska ili poliklonska antitijela. Razina Alt a 1 i Asp f 1 u kućnoj prašini ispod je granice detekcije. Nasuprot tomu, alergeni plijesni su određeni u okolišu s visokom razinom bioaerosola kao peradarnici i pilane. Razine alergena Alt a 1 i Asp f 1 u nekim poljoprivrednim objektima pružaju informaciju o mogućoj kolonizaciji plijesnima, što upućuje na moguće zdravstvene učinke kod zaposlenika

    Tree species and functional traits but not species richness affect interrill erosion processes in young subtropical forests

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    Soil erosion is seriously threatening ecosystem functioning in many parts of the world. In this context, it is assumed that tree species richness and functional diversity of tree communities can play a critical role in improving ecosystem services such as erosion control. An experiment with 170 micro-scale run-off plots was conducted to investigate the influence of tree species and tree species richness as well as functional traits on interrill erosion in a young forest ecosystem. An interrill erosion rate of 47.5 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> a<sup>−1</sup> was calculated. This study provided evidence that different tree species affect interrill erosion differently, while tree species richness did not affect interrill erosion in young forest stands. Thus, different tree morphologies have to be considered, when assessing soil erosion under forest. High crown cover and leaf area index reduced interrill erosion in initial forest ecosystems, whereas rising tree height increased it. Even if a leaf litter cover was not present, the remaining soil surface cover by stones and biological soil crusts was the most important driver for soil erosion control. Furthermore, soil organic matter had a decreasing influence on interrill erosion. Long-term monitoring of soil erosion under closing tree canopies is necessary, and a wide range of functional tree traits should be considered in future research

    Bryophyte-dominated biological soil crusts mitigate soil erosion in an early successional Chinese subtropical forest

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    This study investigated the development of biological soil crust (biocrust) covers in an early successional subtropical forest ecosystem and their impact on soil erosion. Within a biodiversity and ecosystem functioning experiment in Southeast China (BEF China), sediment discharge and runoff measurements were conducted with micro-scale runoff plots under natural rainfall and biocrust covers were surveyed over a five-year period. Results showed that biocrusts occurred widely in our experimental forest ecosystem and developed from initial light cyanobacteria- and algae-dominated crusts to later-stage bryophyte-dominated crusts in only three years. Biocrust covers were still increasing after six years of tree growth. Within later stage crusts, 25 bryophyte species were determined. The development of biocrusts was significantly influenced by the surrounding vegetation cover and terrain attributes. Besides high crown cover and leaf area index, the development of biocrusts was favoured by low slope gradients, slope orientations towards the incident sunlight and the altitude of the research plots. Our measurements showed, that bryophyte-dominated biocrusts were importantly decreasing soil erosion and more effective in erosion reduction than abiotic soil surface covers. Hence, their significant role to mitigate sediment discharge and runoff generation in mesic forest environments and their ability to quickly colonize gaps in higher vegetation layers are of particular interest for soil erosion control in early stage forest plantations. A detailed record of different biocrust species and their functional influence on soil erosion processes as well as a thorough monitoring of biocrust covers under closing tree canopy in subtropical forests is required in further studies

    Bryophyte-dominated biological soil crusts mitigate soil erosion in an early successional Chinese subtropical forest

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    This study investigated the development of bio- logical soil crusts (biocrusts) in an early successional sub- tropical forest plantation and their impact on soil erosion. Within a biodiversity and ecosystem functioning experiment in southeast China (biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) China), the effect of these biocrusts on sediment deliv- ery and runoff was assessed within micro-scale runoff plots under natural rainfall, and biocrust cover was surveyed over a 5-year period. Results showed that biocrusts occurred widely in the ex- perimental forest ecosystem and developed from initial light cyanobacteria- and algae-dominated crusts to later-stage bryophyte-dominated crusts within only 3 years. Biocrust cover was still increasing after 6 years of tree growth. Within later-stage crusts, 25 bryophyte species were determined. Surrounding vegetation cover and terrain attributes signif- icantly influenced the development of biocrusts. Besides high crown cover and leaf area index, the development of biocrusts was favoured by low slope gradients, slope ori- entations towards the incident sunlight and the altitude of the research plots. Measurements showed that bryophyte- dominated biocrusts strongly decreased soil erosion, being more effective than abiotic soil surface cover. Hence, their significant role in mitigating sediment delivery and runoff generation in mesic forest environments and their ability to quickly colonise soil surfaces after disturbance are of par- ticular interest for soil erosion control in early-stage forest plantations

    Toward a methodical framework for comprehensively assessing forest multifunctionality

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    Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has extended its scope from communities that are short‐lived or reshape their structure annually to structurally complex forest ecosystems. The establishment of tree diversity experiments poses specific methodological challenges for assessing the multiple functions provided by forest ecosystems. In particular, methodological inconsistencies and nonstandardized protocols impede the analysis of multifunctionality within, and comparability across the increasing number of tree diversity experiments. By providing an overview on key methods currently applied in one of the largest forest biodiversity experiments, we show how methods differing in scale and simplicity can be combined to retrieve consistent data allowing novel insights into forest ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, we discuss and develop recommendations for the integration and transferability of diverse methodical approaches to present and future forest biodiversity experiments. We identified four principles that should guide basic decisions concerning method selection for tree diversity experiments and forest BEF research: (1) method selection should be directed toward maximizing data density to increase the number of measured variables in each plot. (2) Methods should cover all relevant scales of the experiment to consider scale dependencies of biodiversity effects. (3) The same variable should be evaluated with the same method across space and time for adequate larger‐scale and longer‐time data analysis and to reduce errors due to changing measurement protocols. (4) Standardized, practical and rapid methods for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem functions should be promoted to increase comparability among forest BEF experiments. We demonstrate that currently available methods provide us with a sophisticated toolbox to improve a synergistic understanding of forest multifunctionality. However, these methods require further adjustment to the specific requirements of structurally complex and long‐lived forest ecosystems. By applying methods connecting relevant scales, trophic levels, and above‐ and belowground ecosystem compartments, knowledge gain from large tree diversity experiments can be optimized
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