A continuous method for arsenic removal from groundwater using hybrid biopolymer-iron-nanoaggregates: improvement through factorial designs

BACKGROUND: Due to a variety of toxicological problems, the presence of As(V) in aquifers is a significant concern. Sorption using chitosan doped with iron nanoaggregates results in a green and cheap methodology for its elimination. RESULTS: The hybrid sorbent was characterized by SEM, EDS, TGA, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. Its stability against pH and time was determined by ICP-MS, while conventional analytical techniques verified its Fe content. The sum of an individual As(V) removal capacity by chitosan and iron nanoaggregates was smaller than that of the hybrid sorbent, indicating the existence of synergy. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the great capacity of the hybrid sorbent to eliminate As(V) working with a continuous system (columns). The additional use of a factorial design allows for determining of optimal operating values to optimize two responses. In other words, in this multi-response system, column service time (tb) was minimized and, at the same time, it maximized the volumes of purified water obtained ([As(V)] <0.05 m L−1) using desirability function.Fil: Batistelli, Marianela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Perez Mora, Barbara Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmaceuticas. Departamento de Química y Física; ArgentinaFil: Mangiameli, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmaceuticas. Departamento de Química y Física; ArgentinaFil: Mamana, Nadia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura. Laboratorio de Materiales Cerámicos; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Gerardo. NANOTEK S.A. Parque Tecnológico Litoral Centro; ArgentinaFil: Goddio, María F.. NANOTEK S.A. Parque Tecnológico Litoral Centro; ArgentinaFil: Bellú, Sebastián Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmaceuticas. Departamento de Química y Física; ArgentinaFil: González, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmaceuticas. Departamento de Química y Física; Argentin

A port at the edge of the Sea of the Greeks: Hellenism in Thônis-Heracleion, Egypt

Located at the edge of the ‘Sea of the Greeks’ Thonis‑Heracleion was an important port of call for Greek traders sailing to Egypt. Initially a fortified gateway to the westernmost navigable branch of the Nile, the port developed into the most important emporium in the country from the time of the Saïte period and was most probably at the origin of the dynasty’s wealth. It lasted during the years of Persian domination until the foundation of Alexandria, after which the economy of the city took on an increasingly cult‑based nature in the Ptolemaic period. It is consequently possible to trace the mechanisms by which Thonis‑Heracleion developed from being an Egyptian frontier post into an Egypto‑Hellenistic city through the material culture excavated by the Institut Européen d’Archéologie Sous‑Marine. In this there is a transition from using Greek goods in Egyptian ways, through adopting and counterfeiting foreign goods and ideas, to finally creating hybrid objects combining both Egyptian and Greek elements. Through these developments we see how the Egyptian city of Thonis slowly became Greek Heracleion