'Religion and Nation are One': Social Identity Complexity and the Roots of Religious Intolerance in Turkish Nationalism

* Final published version available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.6 * Turkish nationalism has long been an enigma for scholars interested in the formation of national identity. The nationalist movement that succeeded in crafting the Republic of Turkey relied upon rhetoric that defined the nation in explicitly secular, civic, and territorial terms. Though the earliest scholarship on Turkish nationalism supported this perspective, more recent research has pointed to Turkey's efforts to homogenize the new state as evidence of the importance of ethnicity, and particularly religion, in constructing Turkish national identity. Yet this marked mismatch between political rhetoric and politics on the ground is perplexing. If Turkey was meant to be a secular and civic state, why did Turkish nationalist policies place such a heavy emphasis on ethnic and religious purity? Moreover, why did religious identity become such a salient characteristic for determining membership in the national community and for defining national identity? This article draws upon historical research and social identity complexity theory to analyze this seeming dichotomy between religious and civic definitions of the Turkish nation. I argue that the subjective overlap between religious and civic ingroups during the late Ottoman Empire and efforts by nationalists to rally the populace through religious appeals explains the persistence of religious definitions of the nation despite the Turkish nationalist movement's civic rhetoric, and accounts for much of the Turkish state's religiously oriented policies and exclusionary practices toward religious minorities in its early decades

Understanding the Exclusionary Politics of Early Turkish Nationalism: An Ethnic Boundary-Making Approach

* Final published version available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1315394 * Turkish nationalism has long presented a study in contrasts. The nationalist movement that created the Republic of Turkey sought to define the nation in explicitly civic and inclusive terms, promoting a variety of integrationist reforms. At the same time, however, those same nationalist politicians endorsed other policies that were far more exclusionary, expelling many religious and ethnic minorities from the new nation and imposing harsh restrictions on those who remained. The seemingly contradictory nature of Turkish nationalist policies has been mirrored by much of the scholarship on Turkish nationalism, which has often viewed Turkish nationality through the lens of the “civic/ethnic divide,” with various scholars arguing that the Turkish nation is exclusively civic or ethnic. This article seeks to transcend this dichotomous way of looking at Turkish nationalism. I argue that the policies previously seen as being exclusively civic or ethnic are in fact both examples of boundary-making processes, designed to forge a cohesive nationalist community. Seen through a boundary-making perspective, the seemingly contradictory nature of Turkish nationalist policies in its early years are not paradoxical at all, but represent a multi-dimensional effort to construct a cohesive national community that could replace the defunct Ottoman state

The Art of War: Instability, Insecurity, and Ideological Imagery in Northern Ireland’s Political Murals, 1979-1998

* Final published version available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10767-013-9142-y * This article examines the purpose behind, and rhetorical content of, political wall murals produced during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. I utilize a semiotic approach to analyze the ways that the symbolic content and physical placement of Northern Irish murals were used by actors on both sides of the conflict. I examine the major thematic traditions utilized by muralists on each side and situate them within the historical and political contexts of the conflict in Northern Ireland. This approach highlights the ways that murals did more than simply champion ideological causes, as earlier scholarship has argued, but served an active role in efforts to catalyze cultural support for organizations' political goals. I argue that murals played a key role for organizations on both sides of the conflict, as they each struggled to craft a communal self-identification and legitimizing central narrative that furthered their ideological goals. Organizations on both sides used murals to mobilize cultural support for their political and military struggles. In this regard, murals functioned as a form of mythic speech, attempting to depoliticize highly political ideologies and make the rhetoric used by the competing groups seem natural and pure. The grassroots nature of the mural traditions is particularly telling in this regard, exposing the deep-seated insecurity of organizations on both sides. This insecurity is further reflected by, and served as a catalyst for, the paramilitary violence that was a defining characteristic of Northern Ireland for so long

Ab initio Hartree-Fock and many body perturbation theory calculation of the energies of the excited states of some materials

In this thesis the use of the Unrestricted Hartree-Fock technique augmented by many body perturbation theory techniques and symmetry projection methods in the study of the energies of the excited states of atomic, molecular and solid state systems is investigated. A perturbation method for finding relativistic corrections to the energy is also investigated. Results are presented which indicate that many body perturbation theory substantially improves Hartree-Fock energies, that symmetry projection enables one to calculate the energies of excited state singlets, and that one can compute relativistic corrections for free atoms but one cannot compute enhancement effects in the spin-orbit parameter due to atomic overlap in solids.U of I OnlyThesi

Ab initio calculations of the excitonic spectra of the alkali iodides including relativistic effects

We extend our previous studies of local excitons in the alkali halides to include relativistic effects such as spin-orbit, mass-velocity, and Darwin corrections. We examine the alkali iodide series and certain features in the optical absorption spectra which are due to local excitons. We find that we must include relativistic effects, as well as an appropriate number of neighboring-ion shells, if we are to compute the excitonic energies accurately. © 1987 The American Physical Society

Perturbation-theory method of calculating the energies and excitation energies of atomic, molecular, and solid-state systems

We investigate a general, approximate method for solving the many-electron Schrödinger equation for a molecule or a molecular fragment representing a solid. The method chosen is the unrestricted Hartree-Fock method augmented by a size-consistent many-body perturbation-theory correction. For simplicity, a single-reference development is presented. The extension to multireference formalisms is straightforward if tedious. A few sample results are obtained to illustrate the potential of the method. © 1986 The American Physical Society