7,362 research outputs found
Extended x-ray absorption fine structure study of porous GaSb formed by ion implantation
Porous GaSb has been formed by Ga ion implantation into crystalline GaSb substrates at either room temperature or −180 °C. The morphology has been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and the atomic structure was determined using extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Room-temperature implantation at low fluences leads to the formation of ∼20-nm voids though the material remains crystalline. Higher fluences cause the microstructure to evolve into a network of amorphous GaSb rods ∼15 nm in diameter. In contrast, implantation at −180 °C generates large, elongated voids but no rods. Upon exposure to air, the surface of the porous material is readily oxidized yielding Ga₂O₃ and metallic Sb precipitates, the latter resulting from the reduction of unstable Sb₂O₃. We consider and discuss the atomic-scale mechanisms potentially operative during the concurrent crystalline-to-amorphous and continuous-to-porous transformations
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A tale of one city: intra-institutional variations in migrating VLE platform
City University London committed in 2009 to make Moodle the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) at the core of a new Strategic Learning Environment (SLE) comprised of VLE, externally facing website and related systems such as video streaming and virtual classrooms. Previously, the WebCT VLE had been separate from most of the other systems at the institution with very limited connections to other tools. Each of the schools within the institution was able to pursue their own strategy and timeframe for the migration and embedding of Moodle within their subject areas, within an absolute limit of 2 years. This paper outlines the approaches taken by the various schools, highlighting similarities and differences, and draws out common aspects from the project to make recommendations for institutions seeking to undertake similar migrations
CO-dark gas and molecular filaments in Milky Way type galaxies
We use the moving mesh code AREPO coupled to a time-dependent chemical
network to investigate the formation and destruction of molecular gas in
simulated spiral galaxies. This allows us to determine the characteristics of
the gas that is not traced by CO emission. Our extremely high resolution AREPO
simulations allow us to capture the chemical evolution of the disc, without
recourse to a parameterised `clumping factor'. We calculate H2 and CO column
densities through our simulated disc galaxies, and estimate the CO emission and
CO-H2 conversion factor. We find that in conditions akin to those in the local
interstellar medium, around 42% of the total molecular mass should be in
CO-dark regions, in reasonable agreement with observational estimates. This
fraction is almost insensitive to the CO integrated intensity threshold used to
discriminate between CO-bright and CO-dark gas, as long as this threshold is
less than 10 K km/s. The CO-dark molecular gas primarily resides in extremely
long (>100 pc) filaments that are stretched between spiral arms by galactic
shear. Only the centres of these filaments are bright in CO, suggesting that
filamentary molecular clouds observed in the Milky Way may only be small parts
of much larger structures. The CO-dark molecular gas mainly exists in a
partially molecular phase which accounts for a significant fraction of the
total disc mass budget. The dark gas fraction is higher in simulations with
higher ambient UV fields or lower surface densities, implying that external
galaxies with these conditions might have a greater proportion of dark gas.Comment: Accepted by MNRA
How the First Stars Regulated Star Formation. II. Enrichment by Nearby Supernovae
Metals from Population III (Pop III) supernovae led to the formation of less
massive Pop II stars in the early universe, altering the course of evolution of
primeval galaxies and cosmological reionization. There are a variety of
scenarios in which heavy elements from the first supernovae were taken up into
second-generation stars, but cosmological simulations only model them on the
largest scales. We present small-scale, high-resolution simulations of the
chemical enrichment of a primordial halo by a nearby supernova after partial
evaporation by the progenitor star. We find that ejecta from the explosion
crash into and mix violently with ablative flows driven off the halo by the
star, creating dense, enriched clumps capable of collapsing into Pop II stars.
Metals may mix less efficiently with the partially exposed core of the halo, so
it might form either Pop III or Pop II stars. Both Pop II and III stars may
thus form after the collision if the ejecta do not strip all the gas from the
halo. The partial evaporation of the halo prior to the explosion is crucial to
its later enrichment by the supernova.Comment: Accepted to Ap
Open questions in the study of population III star formation
The first stars were key drivers of early cosmic evolution. We review the
main physical elements of the current consensus view, positing that the first
stars were predominantly very massive. We continue with a discussion of
important open questions that confront the standard model. Among them are
uncertainties in the atomic and molecular physics of the hydrogen and helium
gas, the multiplicity of stars that form in minihalos, and the possible
existence of two separate modes of metal-free star formation.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures. To appear in the conference proceedings for IAU
Symposium 255: Low-Metallicity Star Formation: From the First Stars to Dwarf
Galaxie
Development of a user experience enhanced teleoperation approach
In this paper, we have investigated various techniques that can be used to enhance user experience for robot teleoperation. In our teleoperation system design, the human operator are provided with both immersive visual feedback and intuitive skill transfer interface such that when controlling a telerobot arm, a user is able to feeļ in a first person perspective in terms of both visual and haptic sense. A number of high-tech devices including Omni haptic joystick, MYO armband, Oculus Rift DK2 headset, and Kinect v2 camera are integrated. The surface electromyography (sEMG) signal allows operator to naturally and efficiently transfer his/her motion skill to the robot, based on the properly designed elastic force feedback. For visual feedback, operators can control the pose of a camera on the head of the robot via the wearable visual headset, such that the operator is able to perceive from the roboţs perspective. Extensive tests have been performed with human subjects to evaluate the design, and the experimental results have shown that superior performance and better user experience have been achieved by the proposed method in comparison with the traditional methods
The Formation and Fragmentation of Disks around Primordial Protostars
The very first stars to form in the Universe heralded an end to the cosmic
dark ages and introduced new physical processes that shaped early cosmic
evolution. Until now, it was thought that these stars lived short, solitary
lives, with only one extremely massive star, or possibly a very wide binary
system, forming in each dark matter minihalo. Here we describe numerical
simulations that show that these stars were, to the contrary, often members of
tight multiple systems. Our results show that the disks that formed around the
first young stars were unstable to gravitational fragmentation, possibly
producing small binary and higher-order systems that had separations as small
as the distance between the Earth and the Sun.Comment: This manuscript has been accepted for publication in Science. This
version has not undergone final editing. Please refer to the complete version
of record at http://www.sciencemag.org
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