State of the Art and Contribution to the Documentation on Fishing, Aquaculture and on the Microbiological Profile of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus Two Species of Fish Reared in the Whedos of the Upper Ouémé Delta in the Republic of Benin

Fish is an important source of animal protein in Africa and is used in the composition of several national dishes. This literature review examines fishing, aquaculture and fish reared in the whèdos of the upper Ouémé delta in Benin. It addresses socio-economic aspects, nutritional importance and traditional fish preservation technology. The sources of information used are publications, books, reports of dissertations and theses and technical notes. It was found that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus, among others, are two species of fish most often raised in the whèdos of the Ouémé River in Benin.  These fish adapt to large variations of ecological factors of the aquatic environment found everywhere in Africa and reproduce easily in captivity, which favors their breeding in ponds. These species present multiple fish farming qualities: resistance to high densities, resistance to diseases and low oxygen levels, easy adaptation to artificial feeding and high growth. Microbiological contamination of fish flesh occurs only after capture and can be endogenous or exogenous contamination. Generally, several processes are used to overcome this problem of contamination of fish. Hot smoking and drying are very often used. The lack of hygiene in the traditional technology of smoking fish sometimes favor a considerable microbial contamination of the obtained products. Thus, contaminated fish can be the cause of foodborne diseases such as food poisoning. Most of the pathogenic strains responsible for these diseases are resistant to certain antibiotics

State of the Art and Contribution to the Documentation on Fishing, Aquaculture and on the Microbiological Profile of Clarias Gariepinus and Oreochromis Niloticus Two Species of Fish Reared in the Whedos of the Upper Ouémé Delta in the Republic of Benin

Fish is an important source of animal protein in Africa and is used in the composition of several national dishes. This literature review examines fishing, aquaculture and fish reared in the whèdos of the upper Ouémé delta in Benin. It addresses socio-economic aspects, nutritional importance and traditional fish preservation technology. The sources of information used are publications, books, reports of dissertations and theses and technical notes. It was found that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus, among others, are two species of fish most often raised in the whèdos of the Ouémé River in Benin. These fish adapt to large variations of ecological factors of the aquatic environment found everywhere in Africa and reproduce easily in captivity, which favors their breeding in ponds. These species present multiple fish farming qualities: resistance to high densities, resistance to diseases and low oxygen levels, easy adaptation to artificial feeding and high growth. Microbiological contamination of fish flesh occurs only after capture and can be endogenous or exogenous contamination. Generally, several processes are used to overcome this problem of contamination of fish. Hot smoking and drying are very often used. The lack of hygiene in the traditional technology of smoking fish sometimes favor a considerable microbial contamination of the obtained products. Thus, contaminated fish can be the cause of foodborne diseases such as food poisoning. Most of the pathogenic strains responsible for these diseases are resistant to certain antibiotics

State of the Art and Contribution to the Documentation on Fishing, Aquaculture and on the Microbiological Profile of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus Two Species of Fish Reared in the Whedos of the Upper Ouémé Delta in the Republic of Benin

Fish is an important source of animal protein in Africa and is used in the composition of several national dishes. This literature review examines fishing, aquaculture and fish reared in the whèdos of the upper Ouémé delta in Benin. It addresses socio-economic aspects, nutritional importance and traditional fish preservation technology. The sources of information used are publications, books, reports of dissertations and theses and technical notes. It was found that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus, among others, are two species of fish most often raised in the whèdos of the Ouémé River in Benin.  These fish adapt to large variations of ecological factors of the aquatic environment found everywhere in Africa and reproduce easily in captivity, which favors their breeding in ponds. These species present multiple fish farming qualities: resistance to high densities, resistance to diseases and low oxygen levels, easy adaptation to artificial feeding and high growth. Microbiological contamination of fish flesh occurs only after capture and can be endogenous or exogenous contamination. Generally, several processes are used to overcome this problem of contamination of fish. Hot smoking and drying are very often used. The lack of hygiene in the traditional technology of smoking fish sometimes favor a considerable microbial contamination of the obtained products. Thus, contaminated fish can be the cause of foodborne diseases such as food poisoning. Most of the pathogenic strains responsible for these diseases are resistant to certain antibiotics

Mold Occurrence in Fresh Chilli Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Harvested Directly in the Field in Benin Republic

Introduction: The chilli pepper (Capsicum spp.), ranked among the world's leading spices or food additives, is now Benin'ssecond most-important vegetable crop after tomatoes. Unfortunately, chilli peppers are likely to be contaminated with mold which produces dangerous mycotoxins due to cultural practices, transport, and post-harvest storage. Objective: The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify the molds that contaminate chilli pepper varieties in open fields according to the cultivation methods used in the Republic of Benin. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of three varieties of chilli peppers were taken directly from six districts of Benin. The molds were isolated and purified on a PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium for identification. The identification focused on the morphological and cultural characteristics of isolated strains. Results: Nine (9) fungal genera from different taxonomic groups were detected. The genera that have been represented are Aspergillus (34%), Fusarium (21%), Penicillium (16%), Alternaria (7%), Cladosporium (7%), Mucor (7%), Scytalidium (4%), Trichophyton (3%), and Rhizopus(1%). Conclusion: The present study shows that chilli pepper is being contaminated in Benin. The genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria are respectively the main toxinogenic molds that contaminate peppers in the field. The mold control in chilli pepper against pathogenic agents became urgently required to reduce a consumer disease caused by chilli pepper in Benin