Influence of globalization on the regional capital markets and consequences : evidence from Warsaw stock exchange

The Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is one of the newcomers on the European stock market and at the same time is one of the fast developing stock exchanges in Europe. The development of WSE could be an example of successful development of a national stock exchange into a regional in a relatively short period of time. This article provides analysis of the main trends of development of the WSE through its history to show how globalization influenced regional stock exchanges and to determine key factors that affected its successful development. The WSE is one of the most popular stock exchanges in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Two main lists: Main List and NewConnect are characterized by types of investors, trading turnover and number of companies listed. The article provides quantitative and qualitative analysis of the official reports and analytical papers of key audit and consulting experts that cover both lists of the exchange. The article provides comparison of WSE key performance parameters with major European stock exchanges through 2001 - 2014 and shows those main characteristics of the stock exchange that were mostly influenced by the globalization. Further, the paper shows main consequences of globalization affecting regional stock exchanges. Collected information and results are presented both in tables and in graphical formats.peer-reviewe

To Refer or Not to Refer, That Is the (Preliminary) Question: Exploring Factors Which Influence the Participation of National Judges in the Preliminary Ruling Procedure

This paper explores factors that either motivate or constrain national judges’ participation in the preliminary ruling procedure. By incorporating insights and evidence from American judicial politics literature and drawing from three models of judicial decision making: the attitudinal model, the team model, and the resource management model, it places the study of judicial behaviour with respect to the preliminary ruling procedure on more rigorous theoretical grounds. The paper is based on survey results conducted among 415 national judges from two new EU Member States: Slovenia and Croatia. In line with the theoretical predictions, the results show that the decision to make a referral to the CJEU is determined by several individual- and court-level factors. These are the position that a court occupies in a national judicial hierarchy, the judicial workload and availability of resources, and judges’ knowledge and experiences with respect to EU law and Article 267 TFEU proceedings

The Reality of National Judges as EU Law Judges: Knowledge, Experiences and Attitudes of Lower Court Judges in Slovenia and Croatia

With a Member State’s accession to the EU, national judges acquire new powers as well as responsibilities. National judges as ‘juges communautaire de droit commun’ are expected to uphold the principle of EU law supremacy; interpret national law in conformity with EU law; set aside national provisions incompatible with EU law rules; when required, apply EU law ex officio; and send a preliminary question to the CJEU when the CJEU’s answers are needed for the resolution of a domestic legal dispute. Yet, is this feasible and how does this description of the EU law-minded national judge compare with reality? Based on survey and interview results with judges, this paper explores the knowledge of, experiences with, and attitudes towards EU law among lower court judges in Slovenia and Croatia. The paper aims to compare the reality of the application of EU law by national judges with the EU’s expectations of them. The results reveal that national judges are sceptical of their knowledge of EU law, encounter EU law only sporadically, and are fairly pessimistic of their role as EU law judges. Furthermore, this paper reveals that the constraints to the effective application of EU law by national judges do not necessarily stem from any negative sentiment towards the EU or EU law, but are rather of a practical nature. I discuss the relevance of these findings for discussions on the Europeanisation of national judiciaries

From a potentially powerful to a polarised court:the emergence of dissenting opinions on the Croatian Constitutional Court

One of the most important aspects of making the 1990 Croatian Constitutional Court was the ‘establishment of an independent and potentially powerful’ court. For the first time since 1963, the Court obtained full powers of judicial review. Yet, despite its newly gained powers, the Croatian Constitutional Court refrained from an activist approach adopted by other constitutional courts in the region and was not fond of annulling laws adopted by the legislator. One possible explanation of such a conformist approach was the ideological consonance between the centre-right legislative and the centre-right Court. Most of the constitutional judges were appointed by the centre-right party (HDZ), which held the majority in the Parliament during the first decade of the country’s independence. However, recent years have witnessed an increase in the dissenting opinions, following the nomination of five judges from the centre-left opposition (SDP) to a predominantly centre-right Court. Based on the large-scale data collection efforts, this paper looks into the origin of these nominations, as well as their effect on the emergance of dissenting opinion and the growing ideological polarisation on the Court, which changed the relationship between judicial and legislative powers in Croatia.</p

Blood lactate levels in patients receiving first- or secondgeneration antipsychotics

Aim To compare the blood lactate levels between patients with psychotic disorder receiving first- and those receiving second-generation antipsychotics. Methods The study was conducted at the psychiatric inpatient and outpatient clinics of the Split Clinical Hospital from June 6, 2008 to October 10, 2009. Sixty patients with psychotic disorder who were assigned to 6-month treatment were divided in two groups: 30 received haloperidol (first generation antipsychotic) and 30 received olanzapine (second generation antipsychotic). Blood lactate levels, other metabolic parameters, and scores on the extrapyramidal symptom rating scale were assessed. Results Patients receiving haloperidol had significantly higher blood lactate levels than patients receiving olanzapine (P < 0.001). They also more frequently had parkinsonism, which was significantly correlated with both haloperidol treatment at 1 month (P < 0.001) and 6 months (P = 0.016) and olanzapine treatment at baseline (P = 0.016), 3 months (P = 0.019), and 6 months (P = 0.021). Also, patients receiving haloperidol had significant correlation between blood lactate and dystonia at 1 month (P < 0.001) and 6 months (P = 0.012) and tardive dyskinesia at 1 month (P = 0.032). There was a significant difference between the treatment groups in lactate levels at all points from baseline to month 6 (P < 0.001). Conclusion It is important to be aware of the potential effect of haloperidol treatment on increase in blood lactate levels and occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects. Therefore, alternative antipsychotics should be prescribed with lower risk of adverse side effects. Trial identification number: NCT0113946

Blood lactate levels in patients receiving first- or second- generation antipsychotics

Aim To compare the blood lactate levels between patients with psychotic disorder receiving first- and those receiving second-generation antipsychotics. Methods The study was conducted at the psychiatric inpatient and outpatient clinics of the Split Clinical Hospital from June 6, 2008 to October 10, 2009. Sixty patients with psychotic disorder who were assigned to 6-month treatment were divided in two groups: 30 received haloperidol (first generation antipsychotic) and 30 received olanzapine (second generation antipsychotic). Blood lactate levels, other metabolic parameters, and scores on the extrapyramidal symptom rating scale were assessed. Results Patients receiving haloperidol had significantly higher blood lactate levels than patients receiving olanzapine (P < 0.001). They also more frequently had parkinsonism, which was significantly correlated with both haloperidol treatment at 1 month (P < 0.001) and 6 months (P = 0.016) and olanzapine treatment at baseline (P = 0.016), 3 months (P = 0.019), and 6 months (P = 0.021). Also, patients receiving haloperidol had significant correlation between blood lactate and dystonia at 1 month (P < 0.001) and 6 months (P = 0.012) and tardive dyskinesia at 1 month (P = 0.032). There was a significant difference between the treatment groups in lactate levels at all points from baseline to month 6 (P < 0.001). Conclusion It is important to be aware of the potential effect of haloperidol treatment on increase in blood lactate levels and occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects. Therefore, alternative antipsychotics should be prescribed with lower risk of adverse side effects. Trial identification number: NCT0113946

Gingival Papillomatosis as the Oral Sign of Cowden Syndrome: A Case Report

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal dominant, hereditary, multiorgan disease with higher risk for malignancies (breast, thyroid, endometrium). Mucocutaneous lesions occur in 90% of cases and are characterized by facial trichilemmomas, oral mucosal papillomas, and benign acral keratoses. We present the case of a 39-year-old female patient with the chief complaint of “white spots” on the upper and lower attached gingiva accompanied with skin changes on the face, hands, and soles. The patient’s family medical history revealed that her mother had an endometrial polyp and the sister had thyroid cancer. In the patient’s medical personal history she reported follicular thyroid adenoma, thyroid abnormalities (i.e. lymphocytic thyroiditis), fibrocystic changes and juvenile breast papillomatosis, lipoma, multiple fibromas, and genitourinary tumors. Based on extensive family and personal medical history, physical examination and histopathological findings, diagnostic criteria were fulfilled for the diagnosis of Cowden syndrome