Invaded habitats

More than 65% (1040 species) of arthropod species alien to Europe are associated with human-made habitats, especially parks and gardens, human settlements and agricultural lands, whereas woodlands are yet colonized by less than 20% of the alien fauna, which still has a negligible representation in the other natural and semi-natural habitats. Large diff erences in habitat affi nity are observed between alien taxonomic groups. Phytophagous species are predominant among aliens, representing 47.2% of species alien to Europe

TEHNOLOGIJA PODUČAVANJA U RAZVOJU SVIJESTI JAVNOSTI O BOLESTIMA I ŠTETNICIMA DRVEĆA

A survey of the level of knowledge and public awareness among visitors to The 19th International Horticulture Fair in Belgrade was conducted using a self-completion questionnaire. Public awareness and knowledge of alien invasive species is required of residents, teachers, tree professionals and other stakeholders to enable the early detection and a ‘stop the spread’ strategy in the management of alien invasive species. The research on public awareness and knowledge about five selected tree pests and pathogens revealed that 83.30% of respondents have no knowledge. Respondents were asked to show their practical knowledge  by matching the pest or pathogen with the symptoms on a tree, and only 4-11% were able to give correct answers. The public’s attitude towards plant health issues is positive and almost all the respondents only buy their plants from registered nursery or distributors. Over half do not buy imported plants and are aware of the likelihood that more invasive alien species could come into our country and region via this pathway. Respondents use multiple sources to gain their knowledge regarding tree pests and pathogens. The most frequent sources used are the internet, face-to-face learning from educational establishments (lectures, seminars etc.), newspapers and trade journal articles. Respondents are motivated to gain knowledge about pests and pathogens and the pathways of their introduction, from the preferred formats of: the internet, TV programmes, printed brochures and books. Educational technology should be applied in order to facilitate education and lifelong learning, raise public awareness about pests and pathogens and improve professional practices.Proučavanje razina znanja i svijesti javnosti među posjetiteljima 19. Međunarodnog sajma hortikulture, održanog u Beogradu od 03. do 6. 04.2014. godine, sprovedeno je putem samostalnog popunjavanja upitnika. Svijest javnosti (stanovnika, učitelja, profesora srednjih stručnih škola, stručnjaka za njegovanje drveća i drugih korisnika) i znanja o invazivnim vrstama su neophodna za njihovo rano otkrivanje, primjenu stategije “uspori širenje” i upravljanje populacijama invazivnih stranih vrsta. Proučavanje svijesti javnosti i znanja o pet odabranih štetočina i bolesti drvaća pokazala su da 83.3% ispitanika nemaju znanja o njima. Ispitanici su upitani kaka bi pokazalu praktično znanje i povezalu štetočinu ili patogena sa simptomima na drveću i samo 4-11% su bili u stanju da daju točan odgovor. Odnos javnosti prema pitanjima zdravlja bilja je pozitivno. Skoro svi ispitanici kupuju biljke samo od registrovanih proizvođača, odnosno od dobavljača i registriranih rasadnika i  više od pola njih ne kupuje uvezene biljke i svijesni  su rizika da još stranih invazivnih vrsta može biti uvezeno u zemlju ili regijn preko uvoza biljaka, kao najvjerojatnijeg puta unošenja istih. Ispitanici se koriste višestrukim izvorima kaka bi dobilu znanje o štetočinama i patogenima. Najčešći izvor kojim se koriste je internet, neposredno učenje u obrazovnim ustanovama (predavanja, seminari i sl.), novine i časopisi o trgovini. Ispitanici su motivirani ne bi li dobilu više znanja o štetočinama i patogenima, putevima njihovog unošenja i to ponajprija kau informacija a interneta, televizijskog programa, tiskane brošure i iz knjiga. Tehnologije podučavanja omogućavaju lako širenje informacija o zakonskim propisima, štetočinama patogenima i dobra su pomoć u ralizaciji cjeloživotnog učenja i poboljšanja svijesti javnosti. Problemsko učenje, kao pristup usmjeren prema onome tko uči, pogodana je metoda za obrazovanje odraslih. Najvažnije je što se odgovornost za učenje prebacuje na osobu koja uči. Učenje treba bite integrisano iz više izvora ili subjekata, i to odgovara primjeni multidisciplinarnog pristupa u učenju o integralnoj zaštiti šuma, zelene infrastrukture i okoliša. Suradnja je neophodna u procesu učenja. Jedna od osnovnih osobina problemskog učenja je da ono mora biti vrednovano u praksi. To je neophodno da bi se podiglo razino znanja i svijest javnosti o štetnicima i bolestima i poboljšala praktična primjena znanja

Spotting the pests of tomorrow—Sampling designs for detection of species associations with woody plants

Publication history: Accepted - 1 July 2019, Published - 4 August 2019.Aim Early warning against potentially harmful organisms of woody plant species can be achieved by sampling sentinel plants in exporting countries. However, it is unclear where sentinel plants can best be located, and how many samples are required and when and how often sampling optimally should take place for the adequate assessment of the biodiversity associated with the target plant species. We aimed to review spatial and temporal factors affecting associate biodiversity of single woody plant species and to develop guidance for the design of global biodiversity sampling studies. Location Worldwide. Taxon Insects and Fungi. Methods Literature about factors affecting the diversity of insects and fungi in association with single plant species on global, regional, local and different temporal scales was reviewed. Case studies of insect and fungal diversity, primarily collected on single plant species, and the cost of collecting and analysing samples from locations around the world were analysed. Results The review of the literature illustrated various factors affecting diversity, and the case studies allowed quantification of the relative impact of some spatial, temporal and financial aspects on captured biodiversity and, thus, illustrate the need to consider all possible factors that may affect the result of the sampling when deciding on a sampling design. Main conclusions Our study illustrates the factors that should be considered when deciding on the location and timing of sampling for sentinel plants, which is important because of the trade‐off between the number of samples and sampling locations needed to detect many of the species which may be potential pests, and the cost of (repeated) sampling in many locations. Decisions about the sampling design must be based on the objective of the sampling, but our recommendations apply irrespective of the targeted plant species or country.EuropeanCooperationinScienceandTechnology,Grant/AwardNumber:FP1401;SwissStateSecretariatforScience,EducationandResearchc,Grant/AwardNumber:C15.008

Assessing awareness of tree pests and pathogens amongst tree professionals : a pan-European perspective

Tree professionals play an important role in protecting forests against invasive pests. Awareness of pests and knowledge of how they spread is likely to be a key component of effective detection, eradication and management measures, but very little is known about awareness levels of this stakeholder group. To address this important evidence gap, a questionnaire survey of tree professionals was carried out across nine European countries. Results from 392 tree professionals show relatively low levels of self-reported awareness for a number of pests. Levels of awareness rise with increasing age as well as frequency of visits to forests. Awareness also appeared higher where pests were present in the respondent‘s country. There was a high level of support for purchasing plant material from accredited sources. Barriers to changing behaviours include financial and resource pressures but also the perceived behaviour of others. Tree professionals utilise multiple sources to gain information about tree pests but internet was the most popular. A considerable amount of pest information is already available online and this study recommends that different approaches to raising awareness be trialled including utilising experienced tree professionals as knowledge brokers and exploring new ways of using digital technologies as a learning tool.This research was carried out as part of COST Action FP1002—Pathway Evaluation and Pest Risk Management in Transport (PERMIT).http://www.elsevier.com/locate/forpol2017-09-30hb2017Zoology and Entomolog

Parazitoidi i hiperparazitoidi Erannis Erannis defoliaria cl. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) u hrastovim šumama

The research on biology and ecology of Mottled Umber Moth–Erannis defoliaria Cl. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) was carried out in the period 1985–2009 in oak forests in Serbia. Mottled Umber Moth was mainly in the latency during the investigation. Only at the locality Miroč in East Serbia and in Forest unit Zlatica (National Park Djerdap), it was dominant in the complex of early defoliators. Natural enemies ofE. defoliariaand especially parasitoids and hyperparasitoids are important mortality factors. Egg parasitoidTrichogrammasp. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) was recorded at few localities in the vicinity of Belgrade and in the wide area of National Park Djerdap. They are nonspecific parasitoids. Somewhat more specific Telenomus minutus(Hym., Scelionidae) was recorded from East Serbia – locality Miroč. Larval parasitoids are Protapanteles immunis, Cotesia limbata, C. jucunda( Hym., Braconidae); Casinaria ischnogaster, Casinaria moesta, Phobocampe crassiuscula, Phobocampe pulchella, Phobocampe sp. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus bicolor, Eulophus larvarum (Hym., Eulophidae), Blondelia nigripes,Phryxe magnicornis,P. nemea,Peribaea fissiconis(Diptera, Tachinidae). There are 16 parasitoids recorded. Five species of hyperparasitoids recorded on E. defoliariaare following: Gelis areator,Bathythrix lamina (Hym., Ichneumonidae), Perilampus ruficornis (Hym., Perilampidae), Habro cytus chrysos. (Hym., Pteromalidae), Tetrastichussp. (Hym., Eulophidae).Istraživanja biologije i ekologije velikog mrazovca – Erannis defoliaria Clerck, 1759 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) provedena su u razdoblju 1985–2009 g. u hra stovim šumama u Srbiji. Veliki mrazovac je za vrijeme istraživanja pretežno pretežito bio u latenci. Jedino u Gazdinskoj Gospodarskoj jedinici Miroč i Zlatica bio je dominantna vrsta u kompleksu ranih defolijatora hrasta. Prirodni neprijatelji, posebice parazitoidi i hiperparazitoidi odnosima ishrane vezani su za stadije ličinke i kukuljice E. defoliaria i važan su čimbenik njegovog mortaliteta. Istraživanjima su obuhvaćeni svi razvojni stadiji velikog mrazovca. Primijenjene su odgovarajuće metode u laboratoriju i u prirodi, u različitim šumskim zajednicama. Rad na terenu proveden je standardnim metodama entomoloških istaživanja. Metoda ekspozicije u prirodnim uvjetima primijenjena je na stadiju jajeta i ličinke primjenom ljepljivihpojasa pojaseva u vrijeme aktivnosti ženki. Ženke su polagale jaja u pukotine kore ispod ljepljivih pojasapojaseva. Komadi kore s jajima izrezani su i odnošeni u laboratorij na daljnji uzgoj i obradu. Ljepljivi pojasevi upotrjebljeni su i za ekspoziciju gusjenica, pa su stoga obnavljani u travnju i svibnju. Gustoća populacije gusjenica utvrđivana je kada su bile pretežito u drugom larvalnom stadiju i djelomično u trećem larvalnom stadiju. Apsolutna abundanca domaćina utvrđena je brojanjem listova ili otvorenih pupoljaka i gusjenica u uzorku. Relativna abundanca utvrđena je na temelju proračuna broja gusjenica na 1000 listova. Veliki mrazovac zabilježen prisutan je na svim lokalitima, najčešće u niskoj gustoći populcije. U šumskim upravama Miroč i Zlatica, međutim, on je bio dominantan (65% ranih defolijatora). Gusjenice mogu varirati u boji (slika 1). Jajni parazitoidTrichogrammasp. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) utvrđen je na nekoliko lokaliteta u širem području Nacionalnog parka Djerdap i u okolini Beograda. Rod Trichogramma je polifagan i nije specifičan samo za velikog mrazovca. Nešto uže specijaliziran je jajni parazitoid Telenomus minutus, koji je utvđen u istočnoj Srbiji na lokalitetu Miroč. Larvalni parazitoidi su: Protapanteles immunis, Cotesia limbata, C. jucunda (slika 2) (Hym., Braconidae), Casinaria ischnogaster, C. moesta, Phobocampe crassiuscula, P. pulchella, Phobocampe sp. (Hym., Ichneumonidae) (slika 3). Euplectrus bicolor, Eulophus larvarum (Hym., Eulophidae), Blondelia nigripes,Phryxe magnicornis,P. nemea,Peribaea fissiconis(Diptera, Tachinidae). Ustanovljeno je i 5 vrsta hiperparazitoida:Gelis areator,Bathythrix lamina(Hym., Ichneumonidae), Perilampus ruficornis (Hym., Perilampidae); Habrocytus chrysos (Hym., Pteromalidae), Tetrastichussp. (Hym., Eulophidae)

Three species of the genus Mythimna (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Hadeninae) new for the fauna of Serbia and Montenegro

Five hundred and twenty species have been recorded for the fauna of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) in Serbia (Vasić, 2002). In addition to this, there are the research data for Mt. Durmitor in Montenegro (about 260 species have been recorded for the fauna of Noctuidae in Montenegro). The species Mythimna languida (Walker, 1858), Mythimna congrua (Hübner, 1817), and Mythimna riparia (Rambur, 1829), represent species of the genus Mythimna (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Hadeninae) new for the fauna of Serbia and Montenegro. These species were found in the Bay of Kotor or Boka Kotorska (Southwest Montenegro). The finding of Mythimna languida represents the northernmost finding of that species in Europe

THREE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MYTHIMNA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE, HADENINAE) NEW FOR THE FAUNA OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO

Abstract- Five hundred and twenty species have been recorded for the fauna of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) in Serbia (Va s i ć, 2002). In addition to this, there are the research data for Mt. Durmitor in Montenegro (about 260 species have been recorded for the fauna of Noctuidae in Montenegro). The species Mythimna languida (Walker, 1858), Mythimna congrua (Hübner, 1817), and Mythimna riparia (Rambur, 1829), represent species of the genus Mythimna (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Hadeninae) new for the fauna of Serbia and Montenegro. These species were found in the Bay of Kotor or Boka Kotorska (southwest Montenegro). The finding of Mythimna languida represents the northernmost finding of that species in Europe

Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): A new invasive insect pest on black locust in Serbia

Locust gall midge Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) originates from Pennsylvania, USA. It was introduced to Europe in 2003, to Italy, Veneto. Its spreading was very fast and in the following year it was identified from the Check Republic and Slovenia. In 2005, it was recorded from South Tyrol and in 2006 from Hungary, south Slovakia, Germany, Croatia, Ukraine and Serbia. During 2007 it was identified from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, France, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Russia and UK. The expansion of locust gall midge was also recorded in Japan, South Korea, where it was identified for the first time in 2002, and in 2005 it was identified from China. The first finding from Serbia was recorded in the autumn 2006 in the surroundings of Šabac. During 2007, it was identified from Belgrade, and in the same year and the following year (2008) it was found at numerous sites in Serbia, the Republic of Srpska and Montenegro. This study presents O. robiniae biology, method of distribution, natural enemies and the ecological significance

Ascertaining the knowledge of the general public and stakeholders in the forestry sector to invasive alien species - a Pan-European study

Against the background of the phenomenon of globalisation, which has increasingly intensified in recent decades, invasive alien species (IAS) have led to biological invasions that have resulted in multiple negative effects on economies, human health, and especially on the environment. In order to control invasive alien species, preventive actions are considered the most effective methods. In this context, society can actively participate in the process of early detection and preventing the spread of these organisms, but there is a need to raise public awareness. In order for this process to take place in the most efficient way, it is necessary to initially evaluate the knowledge of the general public to IAS. Through a questionnaire that was circulated in ten European countries and had over two thousand respondents, this study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge of some stakeholders in the forestry sector regarding IAS. The results showed that a vast majority of respondents who participated in the study had heard about IAS and provided a correct definition of these organisms. Most of the respondents in this study heard for the first time about IAS from school, the Internet, or journal articles. Data analysis also showed that stakeholders in the forestry sector (foresters, forest owners, and members of environmental NGOs) were more likely than the other respondents to be aware of the impact of IAS. The results of this study offer an insight to researchers and decision makers assessing the differences of opinion regarding invasive alien species, and the necessary steps that could be adopted in the process of raising awareness in society

Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in its invasive range in Europe : perception, knowledge and willingness to act in foresters and citizens

The oak lace bug (OLB) Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) is an invasive alien species (IAS) that potentially could have many negative impacts on European oak health. Certain measures can be applied to counteract these effects. However, these measures may not be acceptable for forest managers or other stakeholder groups, such as private forest owners, environmental NGOs or the general public. Thereby, we set out to study the perception and knowledge of foresters and other stakeholders on the health status of European oak forests affected by oak lace bug and to investigate what forest health management measures would be acceptable to these target groups. An online survey questionnaire was designed and distributed via social networks, as well as professional networks via e-mails. The survey questionnaire was completed by 2084 respondents from nine European countries: Austria, Croatia, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Even though only a little over 60% of respondents reported they had noticed the discolouration of oak leaves caused by OLB, almost all (93%) considered it to be a problem. As respondents come from a country where C. arcuata is widespread and established, people%s general knowledge and awareness of OLB began to increase. The survey revealed that foresters thought that the insect affected photosynthesis, acorn crop and the aesthetics of the trees, but cannot cause death of trees. However, they assume that the value of the wood would decrease (this fact is also supported by the respondents who are connected to an environmental NGO), but that OLB does not affect property value. However, forest owners claim that the value of the property can be affected and that people would avoid entering the forest. In terms of potential control methods, respondents preferred biological or mechanical measures over chemical ones. We consider this study to be a good basis for further research on the topic of perception, knowledge and attitudes related to OLB since we can expect that the IAS, such as OLB, will certainly spread to European countries that were not included in this survey