Measurement of Leakage from Earthen Manure Structures in Iowa

eakage from a representative sample of 28 earthen manure storage structures and lagoons (selected from 459 built in Iowa between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 1994) was determined using a water–balance approach. Forty–three percent (43%) of tested structures had leakage rates significantly (p \u3c 0.05) lower than the regulatory limit of 1.6 mm/d (1/16 in/d) specified by the State of Iowa at the time the basins were constructed. Leakage from 53% of the structures was too close to the regulatory limit to be categorized as being significantly above or below it. One structure (4%) exhibited leakage significantly greater than the regulatory limit. Regression analysis indicates a slight, but statistically significant, decline in leakage rate with increasing structure age. Structures constructed in glacial till showed significantly lower leakage rates than those constructed in sand and gravel, colluvium, or loess. Comparison of slurry pits and lagoons showed no significant difference in leakage rate

Evaluation of Methods for Diagnosing Contamination in Rural Wells

Three diagnostic procedures were tested to determine their potential usefulness in identifying faulty rural wells: (1) monitoring wells were constructed at three depths near each of three rural wells having a history of nitratenitrogen and/or herbicide contamination, and all wells were sampled daily for four weeks and tested for nitrate-nitrogen, atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and chloride; (2) a chloride tracer solution was ponded around each of the water supply wells, and the shallowest monitoring well at each test site, for a period of 8 h during which the wells were continuously pumped and sampled for the tracer; and (3) nitrate-nitrogen and herbicide samples were collected from the water supply wells during the 8-h pumping period to observe contaminant variability during periods of continuous drawdown. Daily sampling revealed little temporal variability in the quality of water from the monitoring wells or the contaminated water supply wells. The monitoring wells, though limited in number, identified significant contaminant stratification within the shallow glacial drift aquifers supplying the water supply wells, and identified one water supply well that was producing water with much poorer quality than the shallow aquifer was capable of producing. The chloride tracer test was successful in distinguishing contaminant entry via preferential flow from that occurring through matrix flow in two of the case study wells, but proved ineffective on a third well where monitoring well data strongly suggested casing leakage. Nitrate-nitrogen and herbicide data showed little variability during the 8-h period of continuous well drawdown

Two Quality Assurance Measures for Pesticide Analysis of Wellwater: Degradation in Storage and GC/ELISA Comparison

At the request of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) project coordinators, two special quality assurance components were included in a study of herbicides in rural wells in Iowa. Since the study involved daily sampling of 88 rural wells for a period of four to five weeks, it was anticipated that samples would be in refrigerated storage for up to eight weeks during which microbial and chemical activity could lead to analyte loss. The sample degradation study reported here was conducted to insure that water samples containing three herbicides (atrazine, alachlor, and metolachlor) did not undergo excessive losses during storage. Results indicate no reduction in pesticide concentrations in six refrigerated water samples analyzed weekly during an eight-week storage period

Spousal rape : an integration approach to pastoral counselling

Although the number of rapes in South Africa is increasing, there are limited resources to which women can turn in their time of need. This is especially true with regard to spousal rape. The lack of supportive interventions exacerbates the posttraumatic stress women experience due to rape. In order to address this concern, this research seeks to identify and evaluate, by means of questionnaires, various therapy methods which are utilised by pastoral counsellors as well as secular service providers within South Africa. Both Christian women and women who are not affiliated with the Christian religion who have in some way sought assistance from the church and who have experienced spousal rape related posttraumatic stress are interviewed and the results are utilized to propose an alternative approach to pastoral counselling with persons who suffer from rape-related posttraumatic stress. Gender sensitivity is crucial to this approach. This thesis consists of seven chapters. In Chapter 1, Spousal Rape – a challenge for pastoral counselling, explains the motivation for the thesis and gives the research framework. Chapter 2 explores the phenomenon of rape, considering stranger, acquaintance, and spousal rapes. Chapter 3 develops the phenomenon of traumatic stress, particularly as it relates to spousal rape, and Chapter 4 covers the questionnaires returned, and interviews of spousal rape victims. The relevance of spirituality is covered in Chapter 5, and in Chapter 6, a counselling model is proposed with regard to the counselling of spousal rape victims. Chapter 7 deals with the transformation and emotional healing of these victims. There are ten appendixes connected, some containing information, consent and interview questionnaires used with the participants and the remainder contain information such as the Sexual Offences Bill, and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria as they relate to this thesis.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.Practical Theologyunrestricte

A critique of various pastoral care methods in regard to the traumatic death of a child : the traumatic death of a child - a challenge for pastoral care

The purpose of the project is to evaluate various pastoral care methods which are employed to assist parents whose child has died in traumatic circumstances. In the light of this evaluation, then to propose an alternative approach which the pastor can exercise to support and help bereaved parents. This thesis considered the variety of pastoral care methods by means of a literature review. A questionnaire was then sent to pastors from different denominations. The information gleaned from completed questionnaires was used to prepare a review of pastoral care at “ground level”, that is to form an idea of how the general run of pastors dealt with such cases. In addition, a number of parents were interviewed with regard to their experience of the pastoral care which they received when their child had died in traumatic circumstances. The outcome of the thesis suggests that the perceptions of pastors and parents differed widely as to what constituted appropriate pastoral care. This study seeks to address this discrepancy and to formulate a proposed pastoral care method which can be used by any pastor in the event of the traumatic death of a child. The applicability of this thesis is somewhat limited by the fact that the sample used is relatively small. As a consequence other areas and communities might produce a different result.Dissertation (MA (Theology) : Practical Theology)--University of Pretoria, 2008.Practical Theologyunrestricte

Spousal rape : a challenge for pastoral counsellors

This article reflects on the criticism regarding the pastoral counsellor’s dealings with spousal rape victims. It argues that counsellors should be sensitive not to be biased, either personally or theologically, and should have an understanding of the biopsychosocial (biological, psychological and social) impact of spousal rape, such as rape-related post-traumatic stress and other related illnesses such as depression, victimisation and stigmatisation. The pastoral counsellors should be aware of the legal and medical ramifications of spousal rape and have knowledge of the correct referral resources and procedures (trusted professionals, shelters and support structures). They should be self-aware and understand the effect that gender or previous traumatic personal experiences may have on their reactions. The article consists of the following sections: the phenomenon ‘rape’; acquaintance rape; spousal rape; post-traumatic stress; post-traumatic stress disorder; rape trauma syndrome; cognitive behavioural therapy; spirituality; doctrinal matters; social system of patriarchy; a pastoral counselling model; self-care.This article represents a reworked version of aspects from the PhD dissertation (University of Pretoria, April 2013), entitled ‘Spousal rape: An integrative approach to pastoral counselling’, with Prof. Dr Yolanda Dreyer as supervisor. (http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23319)http://www.hts.org.zaam201

Interventions for drug-using offenders with co-occurring mental illness: : A systematic review and economic appraisal

Background: Drug-using offenders with co-occurring mental health problems are common in the criminal justice system. A combination of drug use and mental health problems makes people more likely to be arrested for criminal involvement after release compared to offenders without a mental health problem. Previous research has evaluated interventions aimed broadly at those with a drug problem but rarely with drug use and mental health problems. This systematic review considers the effectiveness of interventions for drug-using offenders with co-occurring mental health problems. Methods: We searched 14 electronic bibliographic databases up to May 2014 and five Internet resources. The review included randomised controlled trials designed to reduce, eliminate, or prevent relapse of drug use and/or criminal activity. Data were reported on drug and crime outcomes, the identification of mental health problems, diagnoses and resource information using the Drummond checklist. The systematic review used standard methodological procedures as prescribed by the Cochrane collaboration. Results: Eight trials with 2058 participants met the inclusion criteria. These evaluated: case management (RR, 1.05, 95 % CI 0.90 to 1.22, 235 participants), motivational interviewing and cognitive skills, (MD-7.42, 95 % CI-0.20.12 to 5.28, 162 participants) and interpersonal psychotherapy (RR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.3 to 1.5, 38 participants). None of these trials reported significant reductions in self-report drug misuse or crime. Four trials evaluating differing therapeutic community models showed reductions in re-incarceration (RR 0.28, 95 % CI 0.13 to 0.63, 139 participants) but not re-arrest (RR 1.65, 95 % CI 0.83 to 3.28, 370 participants) or self-report drug use (RR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.53 to 1.01, 370 participants). Mental health problems were identified across the eight trials and 17 different diagnoses were described. Two trials reported some resource information suggesting a cost-beneficial saving when comparing therapeutic communities to a prison alternative. Conclusions: Overall, the studies showed a high degree of variation, warranting a degree of caution in the interpretation of the magnitude of effect and direction of benefit for treatment outcomes. Specifically, tailored interventions are required to assess the effectiveness of interventions for drug-using offenders with co-occurring mental health problems

Interventions for female drug-using offenders (Review)

Kumar KM,