Value of the criteria for indication of angiography in the diagnosis of carotid and vertebral arterial injuries in blunt trauma

Introdução: As lesões contusas de artérias carótidas e vertebrais (LCCV) não são muito frequentes, porém podem apresentar repercussões graves. A incidência desse tipo de lesão é difícil de ser avaliada porque os doentes podem estar neurologicamente assintomáticos quando atendidos no pronto socorro ou podem apresentar sintomas que são atribuídos ao trauma de crânio ou a outras lesões associadas. Estatísticas recentes apontam uma incidência de 0,24% a 0,33% em doentes traumatizados portadores de algum sintoma neurológico. No Brasil não existem trabalhos de nosso conhecimento que tenham estudado a incidência das LCCV. Por outro lado, a real morbidade e mortalidade das LCCV não estão claramente determinadas, nem mesmo na literatura internacional. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) avaliar a incidência de LCCV em 100 doentes vítimas de trauma contuso submetidos à angiotomografia cervical, utilizando parâmetros obtidos da avaliação clínica inicial e das tomografias de crânio e da região cervical e b) verificar quais os critérios de indicação da angiotomografia cervical que mais se correlacionam com a presença de LCCV no serviço de trauma de hospital quaternário brasileiro. Material e Método: Durante o período de trinta meses a partir de julho de 2006, todos os doentes admitidos no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com trauma cervical fechado, com potencial risco de lesão dos vasos cervicais apresentando défice neurológico não justificado pela tomografia computadorizada de crânio, infarto cerebral, hematoma cervical estável, epistaxe volumosa, anisocoria/sinal de Horner, escore na escala de coma de Glasgow abaixo de 8 sem achados justificativos pela tomografia, fratura de coluna cervical, fratura de base de crânio, fratura de face (Le Forte II ou III), sinal do cinto de segurança acima da clavícula, frêmito ou sopro cervical, foram incluídos no estudo. Os doentes foram encaminhados para a angiotomografia cervical para diagnóstico das LCCV. Foram analisados também mecanismo de trauma, sexo, idade, gravidade do trauma, gravidade das LCCV, tipo de tratamento e evolução. Os doentes foram divididos em dois grupos: sem LCCV (Grupo I) e com LCCV (Grupo II). Os dados analisados são apresentados como média e desvio padrão da média e as análises estatísticas foram realizadas com os testes de Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher, e o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi usado um nível de significância de 5% (p-valor <=0,05). Resultado: Foram atendidos 2.467 doentes vítimas de trauma contuso. Em 100 doentes que apresentaram critérios para inclusão, no estudo a angiotomografia identificou 23 com LCCV, 17 do sexo masculino e 6 do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 34,81±14,84 anos. Colisão de auto (49%) e atropelamento (24%) foram os mecanismos de trauma mais frequentes seguidos de queda de grande altura (18%), e outros mecanismos (9%). Dez doentes tiveram lesão de carótida interna, 2 doentes com lesão de carótida comum, onze doentes com lesão de vertebral. Sete doentes apresentaram lesão arterial grau I, 10 grau II, 4 grau IV e I grau V e uma fístula de carótida. Sete (30,4%) dos 23 doentes com LCCV apresentavam fratura de vértebras cervicais e 11 (47,8%) apresentavam fratura de face (LeFort II e III). Dezessete doentes foram tratados clinicamente e seis doentes foram submetidos a tratamento endovascular (um stent e cinco embolizações). Conclusão: Os critérios utilizados neste estudo permitiram o diagnóstico de LCCV em 0,93% dos casos, sendo que tais lesões ocorreram nos traumatizados mais graves, e não influenciaram a morte na população estudadaBackground: Blunt trauma of the carotid and vertebral arteries (LCCV) are infrequent, but may have serious repercussions. The incidence of this type of injury is difficult to evaluate as many patients are neurologically asymptomatic when assisted in emergency rooms, or with symptoms attributed to cranium trauma or to other associated injuries. Recent statistical data show an incidence of 0.24% to 0.33% traumatized patients that carry some neurological symptom, we are not aware of any papers in Brazil that have studied the occurrence of LCCV. On the other hand, the real morbidity and mortality are not clearly determined, not even in the international literature. The objectives of the current study were: a) to evaluate the incidence of carotid and vertebral artery injuries in 100 patients with blunt trauma subjected to cervical angiography, using parameters obtained from the initial clinical evaluation and tomography of the patients and b) to verify which criteria for recommending cervical angiography are most related to the presence of LCCV in the trauma services section in a Brazilian quaternary care hospital. Method: During thirty months, starting in July 2006, all patients admitted in the emergency room of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, with blunt cervical trauma, with potential risk of injuries to cervical vessels that presented neurological deficit unexplained after cranial CT scan, cerebral infarction, stable cervical haematomas, severe epistaxis, anisocoria/sign of Horner`s syndrome, Glasgow coma scores bellow 8 that are not explained by CT scan, cervical spine fracture, basilar skull fracture, facial fracture (Le Forte II or III), seatbelt signals above the clavicle, cervical hum or bruit were included in the study. The patients were subjected to cervical angiography in order to diagnose LCCV. There were analyzed the mechanisms of injuries, gender, age, severity of LCCV, type of treatment and outcome. The patients were divided into two groups: without LCCV (Group I) and with LCCV (Group II). The data analyzed are presented as mean minus standard deviation and the statistical analyzes were done using Chi-square and Fisher`s exact tests, and the Mann-Whitney test. For date comparison, a p-value <=0,05 was considered significant. Results: 2.467 patients, victims of blunt trauma, were included in the study. In 100 patients that presented the criteria for the inclusion in the study, the angiography identified 23 with LCCV, 17 male and 6 female. The mean age was 34,81±14,84 years. Car crash (49%) and car-pedestrian accidents (24%) were the most frequent mechanisms of injury, followed by falling from altitude (18%), and other mechanisms (9%). Ten patients suffered internal carotid artery injury, 2 patients with common carotid artery injury, and eleven patients with vertebral artery injury. Seven patients presented arterial injury level I, 10 level II, 4 level IV and 1 level V and one carotid fistula. Seven (30,4%) out of the 23 patients with LCCV presented cervical vertebrae fractures and 11 (47,8%) presented facial fracture (LeFort II e III). Seventeen patients were treated clinically and six underwent endovascular treatment (one stent and five embolizations). Conclusion: The criteria used in this study have allowed the diagnosis of LCCV in 0,93% of the cases, those being such injuries that occurred in the most seriously traumatized patients, and did not lead to death in the studied population

Aneurisma de aorta abdominal roto

Orientador: Ana Terezinha GuillaumonDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: o presente estudo tem por finalidade estabelecer um programa de atendimento ao paciente do PS com dor abdominal aguda, suspeito de AAAR, para reduzir os graus de morbidade e mortalidade. Foram atendidos no PS do Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas na Unicamp, de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 1995, 23 pacientes com dores abdominais, sendo 20 homens e três mulheres com idade de 44 a 80. Seis pacientes (26,08%) tinham conhecimento da doença e 17 (73,91%) não tinham. Cinco pacientes (22%) foram encaminhados de outros hospitais com diagnóstico equivocado: cólica renal, pancreatite, patologias de coluna vertebral e lombalgia. Foram operados 18 pacientes (78,26%) de urgência e cinco pacientes (21,73%) de emergência. Dos cinco pacientes atendidos na emergência, quatro já tinham feito US, dois com TC e um paciente sem nenhum exame. Na urgência, oito pacientes (34,78%) fIZeramUS e 15 pacientes fizeram Te. Os 23 pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: os que apresentavam quadro clínico de rotura e que foram atendidos no PS antes de 24h e os que foram atendidos após 24h. Dos 23 pacientes, sobreviveram dez (43,47%) com 56,52% de mortalidade. O infarto agudo do miocárdio foi a patologia que causou maior número de óbitos. A cirurgia para correção do AAAR mostrou que os pacientes atendidos na emergência com evolução clínica de rotura maior que 24h apresentaram melhor sobrevida no pós-operatório que os pacientes com evolução clínica de rotura menor que 24h. Os pacientes atendidos na urgência em comparação com os da emergência apresentaram uma melhor sobrevida no pós-operatório. Assim, conclui-se que quando houver forte suspeita clínica de AAAR, os pacientes devem ser encaminhados imediatamente à sala de operação. O paciente deve ser tratado cirurgicamente antes de transcorridas 24h do primeiro sintoma, considerando que o diagnóstico de AAAR é essencialmente clínico. Os pacientes admitidos no PS, com quadro clínico de abdome agudo devem ser submetidos à laparotomia exploratória, não se esquecendo de que pode ser AAART. Os pacientes com história de AAA serão submetidos à laparotomia para o tratamento da rotura do aneurisma. Os pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade devem ser submetidos a exame de imagem para avaliar aorta e tratar profilaticamente o aneurisma antes da roturaAbstract: The present study OOsthe objective of both establishing a nursing in the Emergency room (E.R) for patients suspected, of OOvingruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAA) and reducing the morbidity and mortality rates. Twenty-three patients with acute abdominal pain were operated on in the emergency room of Clinical Hospital in the Unicamp between January 1990 and December 1995: twenty men and three women with ages varying ftom 44 to 80. Six patients (26,08%) OOdprevious knowledge of their illness and 17 (73,91%) didn't OOveany. Five patients (22%) OOdcome from other hospitaIs with wrong diagnostic: renal pain, pancreatic and vertebral spine pathology. Eighteen patients (78,26%) underwent urgent surgery and five patients (21,73%) were operated on in the Emergency room (E.R). From these, four had already undergone US, two had done CT and one had no exams. In the Urgency room (D.R), eight patients (34,78%) had undergone US and fifteen OOddone CT. The patients were separated in two groups: those who presented clinical characteristics oí ruptured aneurysm and were hospitalized within 24h and the others afier 24h. From the total of 23 patients, 13 did not survive. The acute myocardial infarction was the pathology, which caused high mortality rates. CONCLUSION: l-Surgery to correct RAAA showed that patients were nursed into the Emergency room with clinical evolution of ruptured afier 24h, showed a better post-operative prognosis than patients of ruptured before 24h; 2-The patients were nursed in the Urgency room comparing with those of Emergency room, showed a better prognosis in the post-operative. So, we conclude tOOtwhen there is strong medical suspicion of RAAA, patients must be immediately taken to the operating room; 3-Patients must be surgically treated within 24h ofthe first syrnptoms, considering tOOthe RAAA diagnosis is essentially clinical; 4-Patients taken into the Emergency room, with acute abdominal pain ofunknown cause, must be submitted to a sound surgery, OOvingin mind tOOthe result can be that of a tamponed RAAA; S-Patients with AAA history will OOveto undergo on operation to correct the rupture of the aneurysm; 6-Patients over 60 must OOvethe aorta evaluated through CT or US and the aneurysm prophylatically treated to prevent rupturing. With the achieved results, a proposed protocol was elaborated, translated into the following algorithm: ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertationsMestradoCirurgiaMestre em Cirurgia Medic

Evaluation of the criteria for angiotomography indications in the diagnosis of carotid and vertebral arterial injury associated with blunt trauma

Abstract Background Blunt carotid and vertebral artery injury (BCVI) occur infrequently. The incidence of this type of injury is difficult to determine as many emergency room patients are neurologically asymptomatic. The statistics have not been reported in Brazil. The objectives of the current study were: To evaluate the accuracy of criteria used to recommend angiotomography in the diagnosis of cervical BCVI in 100 patients with blunt cervical trauma in the trauma services section of a Brazilian quaternary care hospital. Methods During a 30-month (2006-2008), all patients admitted to the emergency room of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo with blunt cervical trauma and potential risk of cervical vessel injury, were subjected to cervical angiotomography to diagnose BCVI. The data analyzed are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and statistical analyses included Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, and the Mann-Whitney test. Results During the study period 2467 blunt trauma patients were admitted. In 100 patients that met the criteria for inclusion in the study, angiotomography identified 23 with BCVI, including 17 males and six females. The mean patient age was 34.81 ± 14.84 years. Car crash (49%) and car-pedestrian accidents (24%) were the most frequent causes of injury. Ten patients had internal carotid artery injuries, two patients had common carotid artery injuries, and 11 patients had vertebral artery injuries. Seven patients presented with Degree I arterial injuries, 10 patients presented with Degree II artery injuries, four patients presented with Degree IV artery injuries, one patient presented with a Degree V artery injury, and one patient had a carotid fistula. Seven out of the 23 patients with BCVI (30.4%) presented with cervical vertebrae fractures, and 11 out of the 23 patients with BCVI (47.8%) presented with facial fractures (LeFort II and III). Conclusions Although there is no consensus regarding the criteria that should be used to indicate angiotomography for BCVI diagnosis, we conclude that the criteria used in the current study led to a diagnosis of BCVI in 0.93% of 2,467 trauma patients, BCVI injuries were associated with more severe traumas and did not affect mortality.</p