Atividade antimicrobiana de conservantes alimentares sobre a bactéria Weissella viridescens

Weissella viridescens is well known to cause deterioration on the meat surface in vacuum packed meat products, even under refrigerated conditions. To impede microbial deterioration of foods, food additives can be used. They are designed to do a specific job of making food safer or more appealing. Preservatives are a type of food additive added to food to prolong shelf life and keep the products from being broken down by microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of four food preservatives against W. viridescens: sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium nitrite, and potassium sorbate. Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were tested at concentrations ranging from 50,000 to 1,000 μg.mL-1. Sodium nitrite and sodium metabisulphite were tested at concentrations ranging from 20,000 to 156 μg.mL-1. Sodium metabisulphite showed the greatest activity (MIC 313 μg.mL-1) followed by sodium nitrite (MIC 5.000 μg.mL-1). Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate did not present any antimicrobial activity. Keywords:  Food Additives. Meat Products. Lactic acid bacteria.La bacteria Weissella viridescens es bien conocida por provocar el deterioro de la superficie de los productos cárnicos envasados ​​al vacío, incluso en condiciones de refrigeración. Para evitar el deterioro microbiano de los alimentos, se pueden utilizar aditivos alimentarios. Se utilizan con el fin de hacer que los alimentos sean más seguros o más atractivos. Los conservantes son un tipo de aditivo alimentario que se agrega a los alimentos para extender la vida útil y evitar que los microorganismos descompongan los productos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (MIC) de cuatro conservantes de alimentos contra W. viridescens: benzoato de sodio, metabisulfito de sodio, nitrito de sodio y sorbato de potasio. El benzoato de sodio y el sorbato de potasio se probaron en concentraciones que oscilaron entre 50.000 y 1.000 μg.mL-1, mientras que el nitrito de sodio y el metabisulfito de sodio oscilaron entre 20.000 y 156 μg.mL-1. El metabisulfito de sodio mostró la mayor actividad (MIC 313 μg.mL-1), seguido del nitrito de sodio (MIC 5,000 μg.mL-1). El benzoato de sodio y el sorbato de potasio no mostraron actividad antimicrobiana en las concentraciones probadas.Palabras clave: Aditivos alimentarios. Productos de carne. bacterias de ácido láctico.A bactéria Weissella viridescens é bem conhecida por causar deterioração na superfície de produtos cárneos embalados a vácuo, mesmo sob condições refrigeradas. Para impedir a deterioração microbiana dos alimentos, aditivos alimentares podem ser usados. Eles são utilizados com a finalidade de tornar os alimentos mais seguros ou mais atraentes. Os conservantes são um tipo de aditivo alimentar adicionado aos alimentos para prolongar a vida útil e impedir que os produtos sejam decompostos por microrganismos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) de quatro conservantes alimentares contra a W. viridescens: benzoato de sódio, metabissulfito de sódio, nitrito de sódio e sorbato de potássio. Benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio foram testados em concentrações variando de 50.000 a 1.000 μg.mL-1, enquanto nitrito de sódio e metabissulfito de sódio variaram de 20.000 a 156 μg.mL-1. O metabissulfito de sódio apresentou a maior atividade (CIM 313 μg.mL-1), seguido pelo nitrito de sódio (CIM 5.000 μg.mL-1). Benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana nas concentrações testadas. Palavras-Chave: Aditivos alimentares. Produtos cárneos. Bactéria ácido-lática

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

As editoras na era digital: relatório de estágio na editora Trinta por uma Linha

O presente relatório consiste na descrição, análise e reflexão sobre as tarefas realizadas no estágio curricular na editora Trinta Por Uma Linha, no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos Editoriais, realizado entre outubro de 2021 e fevereiro de 2022, bem como na apresentação, caracterização e discussão da forma como as editoras da atualidade lidam com a era digital. Numa primeira parte é apresentada a editora, em seguida são analisadas duas questões relacionadas com a edição e a era digital – redes sociais e livro impresso versus livro digital – terminando na referida descrição detalhada das tarefas realizadas.This report consists of the description, analysis and reflection on the tasks carried out in the curricular internship at the publishing house Trinta Por Uma Linha, within the scope of the Master in Editorial Studies, carried out between October 2021 and February 2022, as well as the presentation, characterization and discussion of the way today's publishing houses deal with the digital era. In a first part, the publishing house is presented, then two issues related to publishing and the digital era are analysed – social networks and printed book versus digital book – ending in the detailed description of the tasks performed.Mestrado em Estudos Editoriai

Effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Isolates from the Land Uses of Amazon Region in Symbiosis with Cowpea

ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide several ecosystem services, including increase in plant growth and nutrition. The occurrence, richness, and structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities are influenced by human activities, which may affect the functional benefits of these components of the soil biota. In this study, 13 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates originating from soils with different land uses in the Alto Solimões-Amazon region were evaluated regarding their effect on growth, nutrition, and cowpea yield in controlled conditions using two soils. Comparisons with reference isolates and a mixture of isolates were also performed. Fungal isolates exhibited a wide variability associated with colonization, sporulation, production of aboveground biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, and grain yield, indicating high functional diversity within and among fungal species. A generalized effect of isolates in promoting phosphorus uptake, increase in biomass, and cowpea yield was observed in both soils. The isolates of Glomus were the most efficient and are promising isolates for practical inoculation programs. No relationship was found between the origin of fungal isolate (i.e. land use) and their symbiotic performance in cowpea

Feasibility of rhizobia conservation by liquid conditioners

This paper evaluates the possible use of liquid preservation methods for rhizobia long term conservation under ambient temperature conditions. Saline solution (sterile distilled water + NaCl), glycerol and carboxymethycellulose (CMC) were evaluated for preservation of Rhizobium tropici and Bradyrhizobium japonicum cultures up to 180 days and regarding their capacity to promote common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris [L.]) and soybean (Glycine max [L.]) nodulation. The total population was determined after 0; 1; 7; 15; 21; 30; 60; 90; 120; 150 and 180 days of conservation and conserved bacteria were evaluated for symbiotic characteristics after 15, 60 and 120 days of conservation. Although there were significant species x conservation method interactions, both saline solution and CMC may be used for short storage terms, allowing the production of inoculant for field experiments, and its test for purity and concentration before field establishment. The utilized techniques have low cost and easier usage as inoculants, compared to the traditional turf-based products, and if determined feasible by further research it could be a low cost addition to the standard microbiological techniques, particularly as working culture preservation media

Atividade antimicrobiana de conservantes alimentares sobre a bactéria Weissella viridescens

A bactéria Weissella viridescens é bem conhecida por causar deterioração na superfície de produtos cárneos embalados a vácuo, mesmo sob condições refrigeradas. Para impedir a deterioração microbiana dos alimentos, aditivos alimentares podem ser usados. Eles são utilizados com a finalidade de tornar os alimentos mais seguros ou mais atraentes. Os conservantes são um tipo de aditivo alimentar adicionado aos alimentos para prolongar a vida útil e impedir que os produtos sejam decompostos por microrganismos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) de quatro conservantes alimentares contra a W. viridescens: benzoato de sódio, metabissulfito de sódio, nitrito de sódio e sorbato de potássio. Benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio foram testados em concentrações variando de 50.000 a 1.000 μg.mL-1, enquanto nitrito de sódio e metabissulfito de sódio variaram de 20.000 a 156 μg.mL-1. O metabissulfito de sódio apresentou a maior atividade (CIM 313 μg.mL-1), seguido pelo nitrito de sódio (CIM 5.000 μg.mL-1). Benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana nas concentrações testadas. Palavras-Chave: Aditivos alimentares. Produtos cárneos. Bactéria ácido-lática