TYPIZATION OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATIONS IN THE BOROV DOL DEPOSIT

For the study of hydrothermal alterations in the Borov Dol deposit, a total of 12 samples were taken, of which 10 samples from boreholes BD-335, BD-320 and BD-322, and 2 samples from the open pit mining Borov Dol. The material for the X-ray diffraction analyses was also prepared from the samples from which petrographic preparations were made. The following types of alterations have been determined from the conducted investigations: propylitization, chloritization, epidotization, argillitization, kaolinization, calcitization, silification, sericitization, bio-titization, adularization, and K-feldsparization. Some of the alterations are pre-ore or follow the formation of copper mineralization (silicification, sericitization and K-feldsparization), and some are post-ore (argillitization, calcitization, and kaolinization). The model of alterations follows the examples of porphyry systems, and the most significant alter-ations for the spatial distribution of copper mineralization in the Borov Dol deposit are sericitization, silicification, and K-metasomatism. Surface alterations are due mainly to limonitization and in places to argillite alteration. Propylitization gives the segment of the outer halo of alterations in this area

THROUGH THE SITUATION OF REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS TO STRENGTHEN CAPACITY IN TRANSIT COUNTRIES

In recent times, with the emergence of a surge in the number of transiting persons, questions have been raised about the obligations of states in respect of the right to life, the conditions in which detained migrants reside as well as the right to a fair trial. In this paper, the authors of the review and comparison of several documents or reports from various institutions and associations on the effectiveness of refugee and migrant legal protection over the last few years will summarize important recommendations with a view to making certain common direction that will serve as the basis for planning some future steps for successful realization of the obligations towards refugees and migrants on the Balkan Route and beyond

FROM UNEQUAL ACCESS TO RESOURCES TO GLOBAL THREAT

There is a lot of debate in the world about the allocation of natural resources, especiallyduring periods of increasing scarcity (depletion and excessive consumption of resources). Theincrease in the number of earthlings, the increase in wealth and lifestyle worldwide, exceedsthe ability of the planet to cope with the consequences of human activities.The resources of the planet Earth will not be enough to meet the needs of the growingpopulation in the world. All people have the same needs and the same rights, but practiceshows that they are not equally satisfied and applied. Many people today suffer because ofextreme poverty, while others enjoy luxury and wealth.Economically uncompetitive countries are already vulnerable to political, social andreligious unrest, and the question is whether unequal access to resources will be just the sparkfor future global conflicts

THE APPLICABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN CASE OF BIOLOGICAL WAR

In this paper, the authors shall make an effort to find answers for the issue of the applicability of the international humanitarian law in case of biological (bacteriological) war, the history of warfare and the history of diseases which are unboundedly intertwined. The biological warfare as a weaponry uses the bacteria, the viruses and other organisms that cause illnesses and other toxins that may be found in nature, having an aim to kill, disable and seriously damage the combat capabilities of the enemy. It is forbidden, according to the common international law, as well as different international agreements, to use biological agents in an armed conflict since it is considered a war crime. The implementation of the international humanitarian law as part of the international law that unifies the international and legal instruments which are applied in cases of armed conflicts so as to limit the consequences from the same, is a question for which the international community and the states pay special attention. However, what is to be questioned are the possibilities to apply the international humanitarian law in case of a biological war. The author reckons that with all the emphasis that has been addressed to the cyber warfare in the last 3 (three) to 4 (four) years, the weapon for mass destruction is seemed to be a bit forgotten

THROUGH BRICS FROM THE PRESENT TO THE NEW WORLD ORDER IN THE FUTURE

BRICS today faces the challenge of taking historic steps in its quest to dictate the rules in an international order that needs leadership and direction.Namely, the BRICS countries have experienced significant economic growth in contrast to their political voices in global governance which have failed, over the past decades, to grow at the same level as their economic boom.In the post-Covid period and military operations on the territory of Ukraine, that is, from the perspective of today's developments, the key question is being asked more and more often, how does BRICS influence the architecture of global governance? This dilemma of how to think about the BRICS remains relevant, as today's external geopolitical context is very different from when the grouping first emerged.Today, BRICS is the main and most comprehensive platform for dialogue, acting on behalf of emerging markets and developing countries.On the other hand, from the perspective of their increasingly comprehensive power, the BRICS countries will definitely have the capacity to contribute more to international public goods. Namely, the BRICS countries can contribute significantly or maybe they can be the main bearers in solving all the main issues currently facing the world, i.e. international security, development, world economy and human rights, etc.In that context, BRICS is not conceived as a counterbalance to the established Western powers, but it requires the realization of a more efficient or equal interaction with them in order to build a better world order for humanity

Neural tangent kernel analysis of PINN for advection-diffusion equation

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) numerically approximate the solution of a partial differential equation (PDE) by incorporating the residual of the PDE along with its initial/boundary conditions into the loss function. In spite of their partial success, PINNs are known to struggle even in simple cases where the closed-form analytical solution is available. In order to better understand the learning mechanism of PINNs, this work focuses on a systematic analysis of PINNs for the linear advection-diffusion equation (LAD) using the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) theory. Thanks to the NTK analysis, the effects of the advection speed/diffusion parameter on the training dynamics of PINNs are studied and clarified. We show that the training difficulty of PINNs is a result of 1) the so-called spectral bias, which leads to difficulty in learning high-frequency behaviours; and 2) convergence rate disparity between different loss components that results in training failure. The latter occurs even in the cases where the solution of the underlying PDE does not exhibit high-frequency behaviour. Furthermore, we observe that this training difficulty manifests itself, to some extent, differently in advection-dominated and diffusion-dominated regimes. Different strategies to address these issues are also discussed. In particular, it is demonstrated that periodic activation functions can be used to partly resolve the spectral bias issue

RADON AND RADIUM CONCENTRATION IN SELF-BOTTLED MINERAL SPRING WATER FROM THE PUBLIC FOUNTAIN “ELIXIR” AT THE MOKLIŠTE AREA, REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Within this paper is presented information about current study of radon and radium analysis in self-bottled drinking water from the public water fountain “Elixir” in the Moklište area, city of Kavadarci. Obtained results for the radon in water measurements, for the preventive method taken samples, ranged from 3.40 up to 3.69 Bq·l–1, while values for the typical method taken samples ranged from 2.60 up to 3.62 Bq·l–1. Radon concentration measured from samples obtained in typical way showed lower than the corresponding values obtained using the preventive sampling method, where comparison of respective samples P1-T1, P2-T2 and P3-T3 have shown lower values of 1.09 %, 17.62 % and 23.53 % for typical method. Obtained results for the radium in water, for the preventive method taken samples, ranged from 0.08 up to 0.19 Bq·l–1 while values for the typical method taken samples ranged from 0.11 up to 0.14 Bq·l -1. Radium concentration measured from samples obtained in typical way showed lower than the corresponding values obtained using the preventive sampling method, where comparison of respective samples P1- T1, P2-T2 and P3-T3 have shown differences in respective values of of 8.33 %, 42.11 % and 42.86 % for typical method. The committed effective dose for the population consuming the self-bottled water from the Moklište public drinking water fountain of the region was estimated using the concentration of 222Rn and 226Ra in water samples, which ranges from 21.09 to 33.43 Sv y–1 for preventive method and from 22.79 to 26.01 Sv y–1 for traditional method

Modelling long term EU decarbonization policies along with detailed country energy system adequacy and security assessments

The assessment of adequacy and security of the energy system requires the detailed knowledge of physical and operational characteristics. In contrast, studies concerning energy transitions employ stylized models that oftentimes ignore the technical properties but have a lasting influence on longterm energy policies. This paper investigates the gap between energy system planning and operational models by linking these two perspectives: (1) a long-term investment model with low spatial resolution and high level of aggregation, and (2) a spatially resolved system security model that captures the interdependences between the backbone of the electric power sector, i.e., the electricity and the gas infrastructures. We assess EU decarbonisation pathways of the electricity sector towards 2050 by integrating the investment decisions of the long-term planning model and the safety performance of the resulting system operations via the security model. In a large RES deployment scenario, we investigate two flexibility options: gas power plants and cross-country transmission expansion. Using the integrated model, we analyze how the adequacy and security of supply under extreme short-term operational conditions impact the long-term planning of the energy system and the investment decision-making. We provide country specific recommendations for UK. Results indicate weaknesses in the gas-electricity system and suggest improvements on capacity allocation