Evaluating the incompleteness magnitude using an unbiased estimate of the bb value

The evaluation of the $b$ value of the Gutenberg-Richter (GR) law, for a sample composed of $n$ earthquakes, presents a systematic positive bias $\delta b$ which is proportional to $1/n$, as already observed by Ogata \& Yamashina (1986). In this study we show how to incorporate in $\delta b$ the bias introduced by deviations from the GR law. More precisely we show that $\delta b$ is proportional to the square of the variability coefficient $CV$, defined as the ratio between {the standard deviation of the magnitude distribution and its mean value.} When the magnitude distribution follows the GR law $CV=1$ and this allows us to introduce a new procedure, based on the dependence of $b$ on $n$, which allows us to {identify} the incompleteness magnitude $m_c$ as the threshold magnitude leading to $CV=1$. The method is tested on synthetic catalogs and it is applied to estimate $m_c$ in Southern California, Japan and New Zealand

La nuova Proposta di Regolamento europeo sull’Intelligenza artificiale: questioni giuridiche e approcci regolatori

Il contributo presenta gli aspetti salienti della nuova proposta di regolamento dell'Intelligenza artificiale ponendo in luce gli approcci regolativi e i principali difetti

Testing the Predictive Power of b Value for Italian Seismicity

A very efficient method for estimating the completeness magnitude mc and the scaling parameter b of earthquake magnitude distributions has been thoroughly tested using synthetic seismic catalogues. Subsequently, the method was employed to assess the capability of the b value in differentiating between fore-shocks and aftershocks, confirming previous findings regarding the Amatrice-Norcia earthquake sequence. However, a blind algorithm reveals that the discriminative ability of the b value necessitates a meticulous se- lection of the catalogue, thereby reducing the predictability of large events occurring subsequent to a prior major earthquake

Single-Pilot Incapacitation in commercial aviation - Evaluation of an Operational Concept

To implement Single Pilot Operations (SPO) in commercial aviation, safety levels must be maintained compared to current operations. In this paper we present a concept of operations aiming at supporting flight and landing of a single-piloted aircraft in case the onboard single pilot becomes incapacitated. The concept relies on Ground Station positions being manned by ground station operators who monitor the aircraft, support the single pilot as needed, and take over control in case of incapacitation. The concept was evaluated through a number of evaluation activities, including two simulation campaigns. The results suggest that the concept could be a robust proposal to address single pilot incapacitation, and no major showstoppers have been identified from an operational, legal, and regulatory point of view. In this paper, the key technological, infrastructural, and procedural enablers that shall contribute to maintain SPO safety levels as in current dual-pilot operations are also discussed

Toward single pilot operations: A conceptual framework to manage in-flight incapacitation

A major challenge for the implementation of Single Pilot Operations (SPO) in commercial aviation is how to deal with the potential risk of in-flight pilot incapacitation. In this paper, a conceptual framework is presented aiming at supporting flight and landing of a single-piloted aircraft in case the single pilot on board becomes incapacitated during the flight, specifically focusing on the ground side of the Air Traffic Management (ATM) framework. This concept considers the interaction of a ground- based pilot operating through a remote cockpit position with onboard automation and air traffic controllers. A description of the foreseen operational processes and procedures allowing the transition from single-piloted aircraft to Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) is provided, together with an analysis of their technical, legal, and regulatory implications

Epigenomic landscape of human colorectal cancer unveils an aberrant core of pan-cancer enhancers orchestrated by YAP/TAZ

Cancer is characterized by pervasive epigenetic alterations with enhancer dysfunction orchestrating the aberrant cancer transcriptional programs and transcriptional dependencies. Here, we epigenetically characterize human colorectal cancer (CRC) using de novo chromatin state discovery on a library of different patient-derived organoids. By exploring this resource, we unveil a tumor-specific deregulated enhancerome that is cancer cell-intrinsic and independent of interpatient heterogeneity. We show that the transcriptional coactivators YAP/TAZ act as key regulators of the conserved CRC gained enhancers. The same YAP/TAZ-bound enhancers display active chromatin profiles across diverse human tumors, highlighting a pan-cancer epigenetic rewiring which at single-cell level distinguishes malignant from normal cell populations. YAP/TAZ inhibition in established tumor organoids causes extensive cell death unveiling their essential role in tumor maintenance. This work indicates a common layer of YAP/TAZ-fueled enhancer reprogramming that is key for the cancer cell state and can be exploited for the development of improved therapeutic avenues