Efeito da matriz na capacidade de aves flrestais moverem-se na paisagem

Matrix can be defined as a portion of the landscape, that somewhere in time suffered intense human disturbance, such as decreasing of native vegetation. The matrix surrounding the forest fragments may create a certain resistance to the movements of individuals (RICKETTS, 2001). The Atlantic rainforest present in the Corumbataí river basin lost about 89% of its original vegetation, leading to a highly fragmented landscape (VALENTE e VETTORAZZI, 2005). In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the matrix and the characteristic capacity of two forest birds, Dysithamnus mentalis and Basileuterus flaveolus, moving around the landscape. With this aim, six fragments were selected, three with sugar cane matrix, three with Eucalyptus sp. matrix. The methodology utilized to evaluate the response of the birds was playback technique. First the vocalizations were carried out at the forest matrix boundary, in the edge, attracting individuals to the matrix. As the responses were generated, the playback was moved increasingly inside the matrix, observing the distances traveled by the species. The control trials were conducted inside the fragments, the playback was played at the edge and as the responses were observed, the vocalizations were carried out inside the fragment until the moment that individuals ceased answers. It could be observed that for individuals of D. mentalis the matrix generated a high resistance, because no individual entered the matrix. For B. flaveolus the average distance traveled in both matrices was 70 meters, indicating statistically high resistance of the sugar cane matrix and Eucalyptus sp. Considering the characteristics of different matrices, it was found that both matrices generate similar resistance in the movement of these speciesMatriz pode ser definida como uma porção da paisagem, que em algum momento sofreu intensa perturbação antrópica, como desmatamento da vegetação original. A matriz que circunda os fragmentos de mata pode gerar certa resistência aos movimentos de indivíduos (RICKETTS, 2001). A Mata Atlântica presente na Bacia do Corumbataí perdeu cerca de 89% de sua vegetação original, desencadeando uma paisagem extremamente fragmentada (VALENTE e VETTORAZZI, 2005). Dentro deste contexto este trabalho avaliou o efeito e a característica da matriz na capacidade de duas aves florestais, Dysithamnus mentalis e Basileuterus flaveolus, moverem-se na paisagem. Com este objetivo, seis fragmentos foram selecionados, três com matriz cana-de-açúcar, três com matriz Eucalyptus sp. A metodologia empregada para testar a resposta das aves foi de playback, sendo que as vocalizações foram reproduzidas na borda dos fragmentos atraindo os indivíduos para a matriz. Conforme as respostas foram geradas, o playback era tocado cada vez mais dentro da matriz, observando as distâncias percorridas pelas espécies. O experimento controle foi realizado dentro dos fragmentos sendo que o playback foi reproduzido na borda e conforme as respostas eram observadas, adentrava-se o fragmento até o momento que os indivíduos cessaram as respostas. Através deste método foi observado que para indivíduos de D. mentalis a matriz gerou uma alta resistência, pois nenhum indivíduo se afastou do fragmento adentrando as matrizes. Para B. flaveolus a distância média percorrida em ambas as matrizes foi de 70 metros, indicando estatisticamente alta resistência à matriz cana-de-açúcar e Eucalyptus. Considerando as diferentes características das matrizes, foi constatado que ambas exercem resistências semelhantes na movimentação destas espécie

O efeito da estrutura da matriz na percepção de aves na paisagem

The increased demand for agricultural products results in intense habitat loss and fragmentation, causing spatial changes in landscapes and biodiversity loss. The intervening matrix, i.e. non-habitat environments surrounding habitat patches, can act as barrier in the movement of organisms between fragments, reducing the functional connectivity for many species. But the influence of matrix composition and its structure on fauna movement rarely has been quantified. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the presence and structure of the matrix in the movement of two forest-dependent bird species: Thamnophilus caerulescens and Synallaxis frontalis. Twelve landscapes containing sugarcane and Eucalyptus matrices Using playback trials in the sinuosity the birds had the option of following the vocalizations from one point to another in the curve by two different routes, (1) a shorter one through the matrix and (2) another longer inside fragment's edge. The distances between the playbacks ranged from 30 to 130 meters. Control trials were done within the remaining, in which the vocalizations were first played at the forest edges. As the individuals answered the voalizations, the playback was reproduced 10 meters increasingly inside the remnant, observing the distances traveled by each species. Thus, through analysis of variance and GLMS, it observed that there is a greater preference by following the playback inside the forest edge than by the matrix. It was also found that there is a negative correlation between distance and probability to cross the matrix and the species followed playback at greater distances in control than in both routes. By comparing sugarcane and Eucalyptus it was found that the first was more permeable than the latter, demonstrating that the structure of the matrix interferes their permeability. The routes that individuals followed the playback differ between the matrices, and there was a greater expenditure of ...O aumento da demanda de produtos agrícolas vem causando intensa perda e fragmentação de habitat, resultando em modificações espaciais na paisagem e perda de biodiversidade. As modificações no uso e cobertura do solo, causadas por atividades antrópicas, são chamadas de matriz e sua composição e estrutura podem gerar uma grande barreira na movimentação de organismos entre fragmentos, influenciando negativamente a conectividade funcional para muitas espécies. O experimento de playback tem se mostrado eficiente para realizar experimentos de movimentação de aves entre fragmentos para inferências sobre conectividade funcional e percepção da paisagem pelas espécies. Deste modo, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença e estrutura da matriz na movimentação na paisagem das espécies de aves Thamnophilus caerulescens (choca-da-mata) e Synallaxis frontalis (petrim). Doze paisagens contendo as matrizes cana-de-açúcar e Eucalyptus e fragmentos florestais configurados espacialmente contendo sinuosidades foram selecionados. Utilizando o método de playback nas sinuosidades as aves tiveram a opção de seguir as vocalizações de um ponto para outro da curva por uma rota mais curta atravessando a matriz e outra mais longa pela borda do fragmento. As distâncias entre os playbacks variaram de 30 a 130 metros. O controle foi realizado dentro dos remanescentes, no qual as vocalizações foram reproduzidas inicialmente na borda dos fragmentos e foi-se adentrando ao remanescente até à distância que os indivíduos cessaram as respostas. Assim, através de análises de variância, foi possível verificar que há maior preferência de seguir o playback pela borda do fragmento do que pelas matrizes. Também foi apurado que há uma correlação negativa entre distância e probabilidade de passagem pela matriz e que as espécies seguem o playback a distâncias maiores no controle do que em ambas as matrizes. Ao comparar cana-de-açúcar..

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data