Solid-state electrochemical sensor for monitoring Mg in Al refining process

Novel solid-state electrochemical sensors have been designed using the Mg2+ cation conductors incorporating novel solid- state reference electrodes for in-line monitoring of Mg in molten Al during the refining process and also for in-line monitoring of Mg content in molten Al in the alloying process. In this paper we report the preparation of Mg2+ ion conductors, MgAl2O4 and MgZr4(PO4)6, by the solid state ceramic synthesis route, measurement of their electrical properties using ac-impedance spectroscopy and application of the above cation conductors for designing novel electrochemical sensors for monitoring Mg dissolved in molten Al. The activation energy for Mg2+ ion conduction in MgAl2O4 is 2.08 eV and in MgZr4(PO4)6 is 1.7 eV, respectively. The sensors have been found to respond rapidly to change in Mg content in molten aluminium around 1000 K

A Comprehensive Review of Sentiment Analysis on Indian Regional Languages: Techniques, Challenges, and Trends

Sentiment analysis (SA) is the process of understanding emotion within a text. It helps identify the opinion, attitude, and tone of a text categorizing it into positive, negative, or neutral. SA is frequently used today as more and more people get a chance to put out their thoughts due to the advent of social media. Sentiment analysis benefits industries around the globe, like finance, advertising, marketing, travel, hospitality, etc. Although the majority of work done in this field is on global languages like English, in recent years, the importance of SA in local languages has also been widely recognized. This has led to considerable research in the analysis of Indian regional languages. This paper comprehensively reviews SA in the following major Indian Regional languages: Marathi, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali, Gujarati, and Urdu. Furthermore, this paper presents techniques, challenges, findings, recent research trends, and future scope for enhancing results accuracy

Experimental study of effect of pressure on pyrolysis of biomass

Pyrolysis is thermal treatment of solid waste in the absence of an oxidizing agent (in inert atmosphere) which generally yields three products namely pyrolysis-oil (liquid), char (solid residue) and gas. The products obtained in pyrolysis can be further used as energy source. Rice husk and saw dust are considered as solid wastes in this study. The effect of temperature and pressure on pyrolysis was studied in a fixed bed reactor. The experimental runs were performed in nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature was varied from 300°C to 500°C, while the operational pressure was fixed at 4 bar, 7 bar and 10 bar. The products such as solid char, liquid pyrolysis oil and syngas were obtained. The solid char was characterized by CHNS analysis, while the pyrolysis oil was characterized by FTIR analysis

Electrochemical determination of activity of Na2O in Na2Ti6O13-TiO2 two phase system between 803–1000 K

Sodium oxide (Na 2 O) activity in NT6-TiO 2 was measured using the EMF method with test electrode Pt,Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 +TiO 2 (NT6-TiO 2 ). NASICON (Na 2 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 ) was used as the solid electrolyte in conjunction with a biphasic mixture of alpha alumina (α-Al 2 O 3 ) and sodium beta alumina (Na 2 O.x Al 2 O 3 (8.5≤x a Na 2 O(NASICON) indicating chemical stability when in contact with NASICON at higher temperatures

Preliminary Investigation of the Corrosion Behavior of Proprietary Micro-alloyed Steels in Aerated and Deaerated Brine Solutions

The corrosion performance of fairly new generation of micro-alloyed steels was compared in different concentrations of aerated and deaerated brines. Electrochemical polarization, weight loss and surface analyses techniques were employed. The results showed a threshold of corrosion rate at 3.5 wt.% NaCl in both aerated and deaerated solutions. The average corrosion current density for steel B, for example, increased from 1.3 µA cm¯² in 1 wt.% NaCl to 1.5 µA cm¯² in 3.5 wt.% NaCl, but decreased to 1.4 µA cm¯² in 10 wt.% deaerated NaCl solutions. The aerated solutions exhibited an average of over 80% increase in corrosion current density in the respective concentrations when compared with the deaerated solution. These results can be attributed to the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) which has a maximum solubility in 3.5 wt.% NaCl. DO as a depolarizer and electron acceptor in cathodic reactions accelerates anodic metal dissolution. The difference in carbon content and microstructures occasioned by thermo-mechanical treatment contributed to the witnessed variation in corrosion performance of the steels. Specifically, the results of the various corrosion techniques corroborated each other and showed that the corrosion rate of the micro-alloyed steels can be ranked as CR[Steel A] < CRₓ₆₅ < CR[Steel B] < CR[Steel C]

Studying the effect of oriented forces on adhesion dynamics during tissue morphogenesis

Les organismes multicellulaires, tels les mammifères, possèdent plusieurs organes constitués de couches de cellules, par exemple la peau ou l’intestin. Ces couches, appelées épithelia, fonctionnent comme des barrières. Une protéine nommée E-Cadhérine agit comme une colle moléculaire et procure l’adhésion cellule-cellule qui est nécessaire à la fonction de barrière. Les épithelia changent aussi leur structure pendant le développement de l’organisme ou pendant les maladies. Nous étudions un exemple d’un tel changement structurel. Pendant le développement de la mouche du vinaigre, à un stade précis, le tissu épithélial change de forme au travers d’un réarrangement des cellules. C’est un procédé complexe, car les cellules doivent maintenir l’adhésion tout en échangeant de voisin. Les forces requises pour ce procédé sont générées par une activité et une distribution spécifiques des moteurs moléculaires nommés Myosine. Nous voulons comprendre comment la distribution de la Myosine change l’adhésion entre les cellules pour permettre cet échange de voisins. Nous répondons à cette question en changeant la distribution de la Myosine et en regardant l’effet sur la E-Cadhérine. Sur la base de nos expériences nous sommes à même de conclure que l’orientation des forces est un facteur important (et précédemment négligé) de leur effet sur l’adhésion.Multicellular organisms, such as mammals, have several organs that are made of sheets of cells e.g. skin or intestine. These sheets, called epithelia, function as barriers. A protein called E-Cadherin acts as molecular glue and mediates cell-cell adhesion that is essential for barrier function. Epithelia also change their structure during organismal development or during diseases. We are looking at one such example of structural change. During embryonic development of fruit fly, at specific stage, epithelial tissue changes shape due to cell mixing. It is a complex process, as cells have to maintain adhesion all around while they exchange neighbors. The forces required for this process are generated by specific activity and distribution of molecular motors, called Myosin. We want to understand how Myosin distribution changes adhesion between cells to allow neighbor exchange. We answer this question by changing the distribution of Myosin and seeing its effects on E-Cadherin. Based on our experiments we could conclude that orientation of forces is an important (and previously neglected) factor to predict their effects on adhesion

Electrochemical determination of the activity of Na2O in the pyrochlore phase of the Sb2O4-NaSbO3 system

Activity of Na2O in the pyrochlore phase of the system Sb2O4-NaSbO3 has been measured as a function of temperature in the range 1073–1412 K by electromotive force (emf) measurements of the following solid-state electrochemical cells. The solid electrolyte used in the above electrochemical cells is Na-ß-Al2O3, which is an excellent sodium-ion conductor in the temperature range of the measurements. From the measured reversible emf, the activity of Na2O in the Sb2O4-NaSbO3 system has been calculated. The temperature dependence of the logarithm of the activity of Na2O in various two-phase regions of the Sb2O4-NaSbO3 system can be represented as No thermodynamic data have been reported earlier in the literature for the system Sb2O4-NaSbO3, and the present data constitute the first thermodynamic information

Electrochemical determination of the Gibbs Energy of formation of Na2Fe2O4 and Na3Fe5O9 employing Na-β-Al2O3 solid electrolyte

The results of isothermal equilibration and X-ray diffraction studies in Fe2O3-rich compositions of the Na2Fe2O4–Fe2O3 pseudo-binary system suggests the coexistence of an equilibrium between α-Na2Fe2O4 and Fe2O3 at low temperatures (923–1023 K) and Na3Fe5O9 and α-Fe2O3 at higher temperatures (>1023 K). The Gibbs energy of formation for the interoxide compounds Na2Fe2O4 and Na3Fe5O9 has been measured using solid-state electrochemical cells that use Na-β-Al2O3 as the solid electrolyte. The electromotive force (emf) measurements are performed on cell I, which can be described as and cell II, which can be described as The temperature dependence of the steady-state emf of cells I and II can be represented as with a standard error of ±5 mV for each emf measurement. By combining the measured emf values of cells I and II with the activity of Na 2 O in α-Al 2 O 3+ Na-β-Al 2 O 3 from the literature, the computed Gibbs energy of formation of Na 2 Fe 2 O 4 and Na 3 Fe 5 O 9 from solid Na 2 O and α-Fe 2 O 3 can be expressed as where the standard error is ±5500 J/mol for each ΔG° measurement. These uncertainty limits are due to the combined errors in the emf measurement and the thermodynamic data of the reference electrode material that have been used in the present study

Treatment of refractory ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum with oral thalidomide

Ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) in diabetic patients is a rare, painful condition. It is a difficult-to-treat condition, impairing quality of life of patients. Although various drugs have been tried, none of them is consistently effective. Biologics in the form of TNF-alpha inhibitors show promising results in the treatment. But because of their high cost we chose thalidomide, which also has TNF-alpha inhibiting properties to successfully treat a long-standing case of ulcerative NL, which was refractory to various treatment modalities