The graphical representation for the expressions (59) and (60).

<p>The graphical representation for the expressions (59) and (60).</p

The probability distribution for the subcritical case () from the propagator (a) and from 2000 numerical experiment (b).

<p>The solid line correspond to T = 1, the dashed line to T = 2 and the dot-dashed line to T = 8.</p

Discretization of the path integral.

<p>The initial and final variable are not integrated over.</p

The internal vertex.

<p>(a) for the quadratic term , (b) for the the quartic term .</p

The probability distribution for the subcritical case () from the propagator (a) and from 2000 numerical experiment (b).

<p>The solid line corresponds to T = 1, the dashed line to T = 2 and the dot-dashed line to T = 8.</p

The time evolution of 10 members for the critical case(a) and the subcritical case (b).

<p>The time evolution of 10 members for the critical case(a) and the subcritical case (b).</p

The evolution of the equal time variance for an ensemble of 2000 simulations for the test system.

<p>The averaged variance computed after equilibration and its standard deviation is shown to the right of the figure. The solid line represents the linear system, the dashed line is the non-linear system with and the dotted line is the non-linear system with .</p

The propagators of the system: (a) the propagator for the variables (b) the propagator for the variables .

<p>A corresponding propagator can be obtained exchanging 2 and 4.</p

The terms of the perturbation expansion for the 2-point correlation, the variance.

<p>The full contribution can be obtained by using symmetry over all the vertices and adding the graphs obtained exchanging 2 with 4: (a) disconnected graph, corresponding to (61), (b) graph with integrated over the internal vertex , corresponding to (62), (c) graph with into an external point corresponding to (63).</p

Novel avenues for treating diabetic nephropathy: new investigational drugs

<p><b>Introduction</b>: At present, treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is still mainly based on drugs acting on glycemic and blood pressure control, as there is no validated therapy able to halt the progression of renal failure. Because of the high incidence of DKD, due to the increase of diabetes mellitus in general population, new therapeutic strategies are needed.</p> <p><b>Areas covered</b>: We analysed ongoing and already completed clinical trials, from clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed, dealing with new therapies for DKD.</p> <p><b>Expert opinion</b>: Among the drugs currently being explored, the most promising molecules are those that interfere with glucose-dependent pathways, in particular polyol, protein kinase, hexosamine and AGEs metabolic pathways, and impaired renal vascular regulation. One of the recent goals achieved by molecular biology is the development of monoclonal antibodies able to interfere with extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis. Other interesting therapies are under investigation and further studies with a greater number of patients will establish a better approach for diabetic nephropathy.</p