Diversity and ethics in trauma and acute care surgery teams: results from an international survey

Background Investigating the context of trauma and acute care surgery, the article aims at understanding the factors that can enhance some ethical aspects, namely the importance of patient consent, the perceptiveness of the ethical role of the trauma leader, and the perceived importance of ethics as an educational subject. Methods The article employs an international questionnaire promoted by the World Society of Emergency Surgery. Results Through the analysis of 402 fully filled questionnaires by surgeons from 72 different countries, the three main ethical topics are investigated through the lens of gender, membership of an academic or non-academic institution, an official trauma team, and a diverse group. In general terms, results highlight greater attention paid by surgeons belonging to academic institutions, official trauma teams, and diverse groups. Conclusions Our results underline that some organizational factors (e.g., the fact that the team belongs to a university context or is more diverse) might lead to the development of a higher sensibility on ethical matters. Embracing cultural diversity forces trauma teams to deal with different mindsets. Organizations should, therefore, consider those elements in defining their organizational procedures. Level of evidence Trauma and acute care teams work under tremendous pressure and complex circumstances, with their members needing to make ethical decisions quickly. The international survey allowed to shed light on how team assembly decisions might represent an opportunity to coordinate team member actions and increase performance

Geology of the Pontinvrea area (Ligurian Alps, Italy): structural setting of the contact between Montenotte and Voltri units

This geological map at the 1:10,000 scale shows the structural setting of two poly-deformed metaophiolite units, with different metamorphic peak conditions, i.e. the blueschist facies Montenotte Unit and the eclogite facies Voltri Unit, in a selected area of 8.2 km2 within the Ligurian Alps (northern Italy). This study focuses on the tectonic contact between the two tectono-metamorphic units and on their relationships with the Oligocene sediments of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin. The map is a composite report of our field and laboratory study of structures and metamorphism, that explains our interpretation of the tectonic history of the study area. It shows that the two units were coupled during their exhumation path, along a blueschist facies mylonitic contact. This contact has been later involved in thrust faults that caused the superposition of the metamorphic basement on top of the Oligocene sediments

Stratigraphic vs structural contacts in a late orogenic basin: the case of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin in the Sassello area (Ligurian Alps, Italy).

This geological map (1:10.000 scale) of the \u2018Sassello Basin\u2019 remnant covers an area of about 33.4\u2005km2 of Liguria (NW Italy); it highlights the occurrence of two main types of contacts between the sediments of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin and the metamorphic substratum (Voltri Unit): (i) stratigraphic and (ii) structural (thrust or steeply dipping faults). (i) Stratigraphic contacts are represented by the main transgressive surface and the nonconformity between the metamorphic rocks of the substratum and the subaerial deposits. They are locally folded and occur along the steeply dipping short limbs of asymmetric folds related to the late-alpine/apennine tectonics. (ii) Structural contacts are related to the late-alpine/apennine tectonics (thrust faults) or (mostly) to Plio-Quaternary extensional/transtensional faulting

Structure of the Millen Schist Belt (Antarctica): Clues for the tectonics of northern Victoria Land along the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana

Northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) belonged to the active proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana, which was the site of convergence during the Paleozoic. This study provides new insights into the structural architecture of northern Victoria Land, focusing on the boundary area between the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, i.e., in the Millen Schist Belt. It is a high-strain equivalent of the adjoining terranes, presently delimited by the Leap Year and the Handler faults. Our study reveals that these two faults overprint a preexisting transitional deformational boundary and are associated with a significant syntectonic circulation of fluids and mineralization. The Millen Schist Belt consists of two lithotectonic packages, juxtaposed along the Crosscut-Aorangi duplex thrust system, related to late Ross deformation. As there is increasing evidence of a post-Ross contractional event in northern Victoria Land, we suggest that the structural architecture of the Bowers-Robertson Bay terrane boundary results from a long-lasting SW-NE contractional regime, during the Ross-Delamerian Orogeny and still active afterward. This points to an extension of the Australian Lachlan Orogeny in Antarctica. The similarity of the structural architecture, the gold mineralization, the rock type, and the age supports the correlation of the Bowers and the Robertson Bay terranes with the Stawell Zone of the Lachlan Fold Belt. In our new tectonic scenario the Lanterman Fault (northern Victoria Land) plays the same role as the Moyston Fault (southeastern Australia), and the Leap Year and Handler faults correlate with the \u201cintra-zone faults\u201d of the Stawell Zone (e.g., the Ararat-Stawell Fault Zone)

Different PT paths recorded in a tectonic m\ue9lange (Voltri Massif, NW Italy): implications for the exhumation of HP rocks

he Cascine Parasi M\ue9lange (CPM) of the high-pressure, meta-ophiolitic Voltri Massif (Ligurian Western Alps), consists of a foliated chlorite-actinolite greenschist matrix enclosing lenses of metabasites and metasediments. The surrounding units consist of serpentinites not enclosing these metamorphic rocks. The matrix records three sets of folds: (i) Dm1/Dm2 (blueschist to greenschist-facies conditions), which can be correlated to folds in the metasedimentary blocks; (ii) Dm3, which are the most obvious in the field and which partially re-orient the previous structures. The metabasite lenses preserve internal High-Pressure (HP) schistosities unrelated to the matrix foliation. The lenses equilibrated at different peak metamorphic conditions (ranging from eclogite- to blueschist-facies) and some recorded the prograde transition from lawsonite-bearing assemblages to garnet blueschists. Individual lenses display different segments of typical subduction PT paths which apparently converge in the blueschist facies. A late stage greenschist-facies re-equilibration is particularly widespread at the rims of the HP lenses. These structural and metamorphic features suggest that the m\ue9lange was active during early phases of the structural evolution of the area, at least through the exhumation and emplacement of the HP blocks into shallower crustal levels at conditions transitional from blueschist- to greenschist-facies; the older history is only preserved inside the blocks

Geology of the Eastern Ligurian Alps: a review of the tectonic units

The Alpine and Apennine belts come into contact in Central Liguria, in an extremely complex structural arrangement; this junction is usually referred to as the Ligurian Knot. The geological mapping for the 213-230 "Genova" and 212 "Spigno Monferrato" 1:50,000 quadrangles necessitated the updating of the stratigraphic, structural and metamorphic descriptions of this area, and a redefinition of some of the units and geological ensembles already established in Central Liguria, i.e. the Voltri Group, the Sestri-Voltaggio Zone and the Val Polcevera Unit. We propose a new definition of tectonic and tectono-metamorphic units, grouped in three main associations, as follows: a) units derived from oceanic crust and mantle; b) units derived from a continental margin; c) Flysch units derived from the sedimentary cover of an oceanic basement. In group a), we propose to keep the already established Palmaro-Caffarella, Cravasco-Voltaggio, Varazze and Figogna units and to establish a new Voltri tectono-metamorphic Unit, including all the rocks showing a metamorphic climax in eclogite facies conditions, with a variably developed green schist facies overprint. In group b) we propose to keep the already established Gazzo-Isoverde Unit and to define a new Angassino-Terma tectono-metamorphic Unit, encompassing limited outcrops of quartzite and dolomitic limestone associated with the Voltri rocks. In group c) we propose to replace the former Val Polcevera Unit with new Ronco, Montanesi and Mignanego tectonic units. We propose to abandon the term "Voltri Group", for the term "Voltri Massif" that can be used to define a set of units, including the Voltri, Varazze, Palmaro-Caffarella and Angassino-Terma units, irrespective of their different lithology and/or paleogeographic derivation and/or metamorphism. For the Sestri-Voltaggio Zone, we propose to use this term only for the Cravasco-Voltaggio and Gazzo-Isoverde units (and not the Figogna Unit), to emphasize their common tectono-metamorphic evolution

First finding of syntectonic gold mineralization in northern Victoria Land (Antarctica): a clue for the Paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana

4nononenoneCrispini, L.; Federico, L.; Capponi, G.; Talarico, F.M.Crispini, L.; Federico, L.; Capponi, G.; Talarico, F. M