Regeneration ecology of anemochorous tree species Qualea grandiflora Mart. and Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. of the cerrado Aguara Ñu located in the Mbaracayú Nature Forest Reserve (MNFR), Paraguay

The present study deals with aspects of the regeneration ecology of typical cerrado woody species Qualea grandiflora (Mart.) and Aspidosperma tomentosum (Mart.).CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Regeneration ecology of anemochorous tree species Qualea grandiflora (Mart.) and Aspidosperma tomentosum (Mart.) of the cerrado Aguara Ñu located in the Mbaracayú Nature Forest Reserve (MNFR), Paraguay

Understanding of the diverse aspects affecting the regeneration ecology of species is crucial to make decisions regarding management and conservation strategies, especially in highly fragile and threatened ecosystem as the Neotropical savanna (cerrado) formations. Available knowledge of regeneration ecology of cerrado species is too limited to attain optimal or suitable management actions. The objectives of the present study were: i) analysis of the characteristic parameters of the anemochorous seed dispersal of study species Q. grandiflora, (ii) determine the spatial distribution of tree species Q. grandiflora for growth stages (seedlings to juveniles) and interrelations between the stages, and (iii) determining variables of the spatial distribution of recruitment of tree species A. tomentosum. The present study was conducted in the cerrado Aguara Ñu of the Mbaracayú Nature Forest Reserve located in the northeast of Paraguay. The cerrado Aguara Ñu is part of the Mbaracayú Biosphere Reserve and represents one of the most important ecoregions in the world, the cerrado ecosystem. The cerrado biome encompasses areas from northeastern to southwestern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and northern Paraguay. It is characterized by the presence of high plant and animal biodiversity and also high endemism (Myers et al., 2000). Tree species Q. grandiflora and A. tomentosum are typical species of the cerrado formation. Based on the selected investigated regeneration cycle stages of study tree species Q. grandiflora and A. tomentosum, the present thesis describes the spatial analysis of recruitment of both study species and the anemochorous diaspore dispersal of tree species Q. grandiflora. The purpose of the present investigation is to address regeneration aspects not attained so far as certain seed dispersal aspects, such as seed densities and distances from conspecific adult trees and spatial arrangements of seedlings of species A. tomentosum. Results of the present study aim to contribute to existing information and at the same time provide new knowledge on ecological aspects so far not investigated. Research results on seed dispersal of tree species Q. grandiflora revealed that dispersal can be modeled by inverse modelling considering isotropy and lognormal density function presenting mean dispersal distances of 10.69 to 62.48 m. Estimations of the fruit production of a seed tree yielded a total 50671 to 70632 (DBH = 70 cm). Results of spatial arrangement of seedlings and juveniles revealed a significant distance effect to conspecific adult trees. Moreover, results also showed: (i) highest densities or intensities (m2) of seedlings (heights <50 cm) close to the conspecific adult trees and (ii) a shift of intensity of seedlings with increase of growth stage or size for tree species Q. grandiflora. Additionally, seedlings (up to 200 cm height) of study species Q. grandiflora indicated gradual decreasing clumping patterns and juveniles (200 – 500 cm height) presented clumping patterns. Modelling results of spatial patterns of seedlings (heights ≤ 200 cm) of study tree species A. tomentosum revealed aggregation patterns. Moreover, shade effect resulted to be a statistical significant factor for the establishment of seedlings of tree species A. tomentosum (p-value = 0.0266), whereas distance effect to seed tree resulted not significant (p-value= 0.4936). Considering the findings of seed dispersal and spatial patterns analysis of tree species Q. grandiflora and A. tomentosum some management aspects to be attained for conservation purposes are avoiding fragmentation of the ecosystem, management of the spatial and time fire frequency and maintain minimum amount of seed trees per unit area in order to guarantee successful recruitment.:1. Introduction 1 References 8 2. Materials and Methods 13 2.1 Characterization of the cerrado biome 13 2.2 Description of the study area and study sites 15 2.3 Characterization of the study tree species 23 2.3.1 Qualea grandiflora (Mart.) 23 2.3.2 Aspidosperma tomentosum (Mart.) 24 2.4 Principles and selection criteria 25 2.5 Data collection 26 2.5.1 Seed dispersal 26 2.5.2 Spatial patterns of plants 27 2.6 Data analysis 28 2.6.1 Statistical analysis of data 28 2.6.2 General statistical procedures of data analysis 30 2.6.3 Spatial point process analysis – Inverse modelling and spatial point patterns 31 2.6.4 Spatial point patterns analysis procedure 33 2.6.4.1 Descriptive statistics in spatial point patterns 36 2.6.4.1.1 Distance effect of seedlings from seed trees (rhohat function) 36 2.6.4.1.2 Pair correlation function (pcf) 36 2.6.4.2 Point process modelling 38 References 43 3. Seed dispersal of Qualea grandiflora (Mart.) 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Methodology 51 3.2.1 Data collection and seed trap design 51 3.2.1 Data analysis – inverse modelling 53 3.3 Results 58 3.3.1 Seed density 58 3.3.2 Inverse modelling results – seed production, dispersal and distances 60 3.3.2.1 Isotropic modelling 61 3.3.2.2 Anisotropic modelling 63 3.3.2.3 Statistical comparison isotropy vs. anisotropy 66 3.4 Discussion 67 3.4.1 Applied methodology for seed dispersal – trap design and inverse modelling 67 3.4.2 Seed dispersal modelling 69 3.5 Conclusion 74 References 75 4. Spatial analysis of Qualea grandiflora (Mart.) 80 4.1 Introduction 80 4.2 Methodology 82 4.2.1 Data collection – Field sampling 82 4.2.2 Data analysis 85 4.2.2.1 Spatial point pattern – Explorative analysis 85 4.2.2.2 Point process modelling (Poisson and Gibbs models) 87 4.2.3 Results 89 4.2.3.1 Spatial distribution of individuals of study species 89 4.2.3.2 Modelling distance effect of recruitment to adult trees 95 4.2.4 Discussion 102 4.2.4.1 Applied methodology for spatial analysis of study species 102 4.2.4.2 Spatial arrangement of study species 103 4.2.5 Conclusion 109 References 109 5. Spatial analysis of Aspidosperma tomentosum (Mart.)115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Methodology 117 5.2.1 Data collection – Field sampling 117 5.2.2 Data analysis 120 5.2.2.1 Spatial point pattern – Explorative analysis 120 5.2.2.2 Point process modelling – Replicated point patterns 120 5.3 Results 123 5.3.1 Spatial distribution of natural regeneration of study species 123 5.3.2 Modelling shade and distance to seed tree effect on natural regeneration of study species 130 5.4 Discussion 133 5.4.1 Applied methodology for data collection and analysis 133 5.4.2 Spatial distribution of natural regeneration of study species 134 5.5 Conclusion 139 References 140 5. Concluding discussion and summary 146 6.1 Regeneration ecology of Qualea grandiflora and Aspidosperma tomentosum 146 6.1.1 Inferences on relation of seed dispersal and spatial distribution of recruitment of Qualea grandiflora 146 6.1.2 Inferences on spatial patterns of recruitment of Aspidoserma tomentosum 149 6.2 Management implications for Qualea grandiflora Aspidosperma tomentosum 150 6.3 Future research 153 6.4 Concluding summary 154 References 15

Regeneration ecology of anemochorous tree species of the Cerrado Aguara Ñu located in the Mbaracayú Nature Forest Reserve (MNFR), Paraguay

The purpose of the research is to study the most important stages within the regeneration cycle of the anemochorous tree species Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. (AT), Qualea grandiflora (QG) Mart. and Vochysia tucanorum Mart. (VT) in the Mbaracayú Natural Forest Reserve located in eastern Paraguay. These are species typical of the cerrado biome. Study of their regeneration ecology is important as no such research has been carried out to date.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

The chalenges for families in the digital age.

UID/CCI/04667/2016It is with great pleasure that we present the 2018 Yearbook from the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media at Nordicom: Digital Parenting: The Challenges for Families in the Digital Age. The topics addressed in the 2018 Yearbook – how to relate to or mediate children’s use of digital media, generational gaps in the use of media and the use of social media to display or seek support in parenthood – are timely and relevant in many respects and have engaged many qualified scholars from around the world. Parenting in the digital media environment is a theme often discussed in news media and among parenting groups. Balancing the opportunities of digital media and at the same time considering potentially unwanted and/or negative effects can be a challenge, both for adults and for the younger generation. There are no established policies, long traditions or experience to turn to and many are seeking advice. The 2018 Yearbook is the result of a great collaborative effort. Nordicom is deeply grateful to the editors of this new anthology, Giovanna Mascheroni, Cristina Ponte and Ana Jorge, as well as to all the contributors who have made this publication possible. It is our hope that the collection of articles will make interesting reading all around the world, stimulate new research and debate and provide new ideas regarding the topical and highly relevant issue of being a parent in the digital age. In the work of the Clearinghouse, the global dimension is a core principle, both with respect to the content we publish and distribute and to the contributors who produce it. Digital Parenting represents this principle by presenting contributions and examples and involving authors from many areas of the world. All books published by the Clearinghouse aim to shed light on different aspects concerning children, youth and media, spread current information and knowledge and hopefully stimulate further research. Various groups of users are targeted; researchers, policymakers, media professionals, voluntary organizations, teachers, students and interested individuals. It is our hope that this new Yearbook will be of interest and provide new insights on the topic of digital parenting to a broad range of readers. Göteborg, October 2018 Catharina Bucht Jonas Ohlsson Information coordinator Directorpublishersversionpublishe

Observaciones preliminares de floración y fructificación de las especies Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart., Qualea grandiflora Mart. Y Vochysia tucanorum del cerrado en la Reserva Natural del bosque Mbaracayú = Preliminary observations of flowering and fructification of the tree species Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart., Qualea grandiflora Mart. and Vochysia tucanorum of the cerrado formation in the Nature Forest Reserve Mbaracayú

El siguiente trabajo presenta un informe descriptivo de las observaciones preliminares de floración y fructificación de las especies Qualea grandiflora, Aspidosperma tomentosum y Vochysia tucanorum realizadas a campo en el cerrado Aguara Ñu de la Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú (RNBM) ubicada en el Departamento Canindeyú en la Región Oriental del Paraguay.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Cephalopod Brains: An Overview of Current Knowledge to Facilitate Comparison With Vertebrates.

Cephalopod and vertebrate neural-systems are often highlighted as a traditional example of convergent evolution. Their large brains, relative to body size, and complexity of sensory-motor systems and behavioral repertoires offer opportunities for comparative analysis. Despite various attempts, questions on how cephalopod 'brains' evolved and to what extent it is possible to identify a vertebrate-equivalence, assuming it exists, remain unanswered. Here, we summarize recent molecular, anatomical and developmental data to explore certain features in the neural organization of cephalopods and vertebrates to investigate to what extent an evolutionary convergence is likely. Furthermore, and based on whole body and brain axes as defined in early-stage embryos using the expression patterns of homeodomain-containing transcription factors and axonal tractography, we describe a critical analysis of cephalopod neural systems showing similarities to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, midbrain, cerebellum, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord of vertebrates. Our overall aim is to promote and facilitate further, hypothesis-driven, studies of cephalopod neural systems evolution

Visual Lateralization in the Cephalopod Mollusk Octopus vulgaris

Behavioral asymmetries exhibited by the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, a cephalopod mollusk, during predatory and exploratory responses were investigated. Animals were tested for eye preferences while attacking a natural (live crab) or an artificial (plastic ball) stimulus, and for side preferences while exploring a T-maze in the absence of any specific intra- or extra-maze cues. We found individual-level asymmetry in some animals when faced with either natural or artificial stimuli, but not when exploring the maze. Our findings suggest that visual lateralization in O. vulgaris is context-dependent

Clima organizacional y la satisfacción del cliente bancario de las entidades del scotiabank y banco de crédito del Perú del cercado de lima

El propósito de la investigación tiene como objetivo realizar un cambio positivo sobre el clima organizacional y la satisfacción del cliente bancario en las entidades Scotiabank y Banco de Crédito del Perú. Asimismo, se trata de identificar cómo el clima organizacional influye en la satisfacción del cliente lo cual afectaría la lealtad hacia la entidad. En primer lugar, realizaremos una revisión de la literatura sobre las investigaciones más relevantes en calidad del servicio, determinando las aportaciones y análisis factorial de componentes principales; se encontraron diversos aspectos que influyen en la calidad y servicio como por ejemplo: aspectos físicos como ergonomía de los colaboradores (estructura física, ubicación conveniente, equipamiento moderno, vigilancia, aspecto limpio, etc.).The purpose of the research is to make a positive change on the organizational climate and customer satisfaction at the Scotiabank and Banco de Crédito del Perú entities. Likewise, it is also a question of identifying how the organizational climate influences customer satisfaction which would affect loyalty to the entity. In the first place, a review of the research literature plus factorial analysis of main components was performed, factors that influence quality and service were found: physical aspects such as ergonomics of the collaborators (physical structure, convenient location, modern equipment, Surveillance, clean appearance, etc.