Environmental standards, delocalization and employment: the case of the EU cement industry

In this paper we try to assess the impact on one energy – intensive industry, cement, of a likely rise in the cost of pollution permits generated by the new EU cap-and-trade system on emissions (EU ETS). Exploiting the characteristics of the industry (high unit transport costs and homogeneous product), we present a theoretical model of market segmentation for the overall EU regional area. Based on this, we then provide an estimate of the economic effects for the industry of an increase in the production costs due to the full enforcement (auctioning) of the new European ETS system, i.e. in the case of its implementation without free allowances or carbon leakage provisions. We proceed in two steps: first, we estimate the extent to which the increase in environmental costs leads to a substitution of locally produced cement with imports from non EU countries, not subject to the ETS; second, we estimate the impact of this substitution effect on the employment of the industry. We find that in case of full auctioning of allowances the overall impact on employment would be negative, leading to a loss of some 25% of jobs in the industry. The latter strongly justifies the use of carbon leakage provisions in the upcoming European regulation

RILEVANZA ECONOMICA, ECONOMIA DELLE IMPRESE CONCESSIONARIE E SCENARI EVOLUTIVI DEL COMPARTO DELLA VENDITA E ASSISTENZA POST VENDITA AUTOMOTIVE IN ITALIA

La ricerca ha affrontato i seguenti argomenti tra di loro strettamente collegati: - La costruzione di scenari macroeconomici relativi all’andamento della domanda di auto in Italia; - L’analisi dell’economia dell’impresa concessionaria e la sostenibilità di tale business, all’interno de-gli scenari individuati. - Gli interventi legislativi a sostegno del mercato automobilistico

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 is upregulated via the protein kinase C pathway in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines

Nonantigen specific adhesion systems lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1/intercellular adhesion molecule (LFA-1/ICAM-1) and cluster designation 2/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (CD2/LFA-3) are considered a crucial step in immune-mediated cell-cell adhesion reactions. In particular, the LFA-1/ICAM-1 system is deeply involved in major histocompatibility system (MHC)-restricted and non-MHC-restricted cellular cytotoxicity of effector cells against cancer tissues. We have investigated in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines the role of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway on ICAM-1 expression. Incubation with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), an agonist of PKC, of two papillary (NPA and TPC-1) and one anaplastic (ARO) carcinoma cell lines induced an ICAM-1 upregulation of both protein and mRNA production. This phenomenon was dependent on RNA and protein synthesis and was inhibited by PKC antagonists such as staurosporine and H-7. A parallel increase in the soluble form of ICAM-1 followed the upregulation of cellular ICAM-1 levels induced by TPA. In conclusion, the PKC pathway is involved in the regulation of ICAM-1 expression in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of the PKC pathway on the diffusion of thyroid tumor

Revue de l'instruction publique en France et dans les pays étrangers

07 septembre 18541854/09/07 (A14,N23)-1854/09/07

Ion-exchange chromatography of <i>S</i>. <i>microcephalus</i> hemolysate on a Mono Q-Tricorn column (1.0 × 10 cm).

<p>Elution was achieved with a linear gradient of 0 to 80 mM NaCl. Details are given in Materials and Methods.</p

Comparison of the Fe-ligand mode frequencies of <i>S</i>. <i>microcephalus</i> Hbs with those of human HbA.

<p>Comparison of the Fe-ligand mode frequencies of <i>S</i>. <i>microcephalus</i> Hbs with those of human HbA.</p

Rate constants and relative amplitudes for CO-rebinding kinetics following photolysis at 15°C and 25°C, pH 7.4 and 6.4, at 1 atm CO, from the global analysis of the kinetics reported in Fig 4 and Fig 5 for selected conditions.

<p>Rate constants and relative amplitudes for CO-rebinding kinetics following photolysis at 15°C and 25°C, pH 7.4 and 6.4, at 1 atm CO, from the global analysis of the kinetics reported in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0186181#pone.0186181.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0186181#pone.0186181.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5</a> for selected conditions.</p

Influence of urea on O₂-binding parameters of <i>S</i>. <i>microcephalus</i> Hbs in 0.1 M KCl, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, 20°C, 2 mM ATP.

<p>Values of <i>P</i>₅₀ are in Torr ± s.e.m. of two independent experiments.</p