41 research outputs found
Credit Constraints and Aggregate Economic Activity Over the Business Cycles
The paper examines that imperfections in financial markets are themselves a source of macroeconomic fluctuations. Small, temporary shocks to technology or income distribution can generate large fluctuations in output and asset prices and spill over to other sectors. The work is based on the original model by Kiyotaki and Moore (1997). This paper will simulate a one-unit technology shock and study the propagation through the credit channel, evaluating its quantitative impact. While in the Kiyotaki-Moore model there is a linear production function used, we will try to do the derivation using the non-linear function and analyze how it changes the previously obtained result
แ แแแ แแแฃแฅแชแแฃแแ แแกแแแแก แฅแแแแ แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแก แแแแแกแแแฃแ แแแแแ แแแแแแฃแ แฃแแชแแ แแกแแแแแจแ
Introduction: The health of women of reproductive age is influenced by social determinants, including economic status, religion, education, employment, and living conditions. Ethnic minority women and girls face additional challenges due to cultural differences, religion, language barriers, ethnic identity, and the stigma associated with their identity. The purpose of our research is to study the characteristics of sexual and reproductive health of women and girls from small ethnic groups, the Armenian and Azerbaijani populations living in Georgia, to determine the factors affecting their health, and to outline the main key issues. Methodology: qualitative research methods were used. An in-depth interview was conducted with doctors (gynecologists, family doctors, and therapists) employed in densely populated regions with Armenian and Azerbaijani populations (Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli). Statistical information from the National Center for Disease Control and the National Statistical Service was processed. Results and discussion: the study showed that women in both ethnic groups do not prioritize their own health, so delayed referrals to doctors and aggravated forms of the disease are frequent. Language and cultural barriers often negatively affect the outcome of the disease. There is hiding of symptoms and diagnosis from the doctor, which is sometimes related to identity. There is neglect of women\u27s bodily autonomy and interference by other people in the decision-making process. Interest in the human papillomavirus vaccine is low. The age of initiation of sexual life and childbearing is mostly low. We encounter marriages of minors and pregnancy, which endangers their health as well as the health of the fetus. The stillbirth rate is high. Birth rates and natural increase rates are high because large families are culturally encouraged. Consanguineous marriages occur, which increases the risk of provoking the inheritance of recessive genetic disorders in the offspring. Knowledge and awareness about modern methods of contraception are low; there is a social taboo and a conservative attitude towards condoms. The number of artificial abortions is high, including the selective abortions. The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases is high, and awareness about these diseases is low. Conclusion: A number of socio-cultural factors, mainly gender norms, and stigma related to sexuality, harm women\u27s sexual and reproductive health. While some circumstances are common to the general population living in Georgia, other experiences are unique, indicating the necessity for distinct approaches to protect the sexual and reproductive health of the target group.แจแแกแแแแแ: แ แแแ แแแฃแฅแชแแฃแแ แแกแแแแก แฅแแแแ แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแก แแฎแแแแก แกแแชแแแแฃแ แ แแแขแแ แแแแแแขแแแ: แแแแแแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแแแ แแแแ, แ แแแแแแ, แแแแแแแแแ, แแแกแแฅแแแแ, แกแแชแฎแแแ แแแแแ แแแ แแแแแ. แแแแแแฃแ แ แฃแแชแแ แแกแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแแแแแแแแ แฅแแแแแกแ แแ แแแแแแแแก แแ แแฅแแแแแแ แแแแแขแแแแแ แแแแแฌแแแแแแ, แแฃแแขแฃแ แฃแแ แแแแแกแแแฃแ แแแแแแก, แ แแแแแแแก, แแแแแ แแแ แแแ แแแ แแก, แแแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแขแแแแก, แแ แแแแแขแแแแ แแแแแฌแแแฃแแ แกแขแแแแแกแ แแฃ แกแฎแแ แแ แแแแแ แแแแแแแก แแแแ. แฉแแแแ แแแแแแแก แแแแแแแ แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแจแ แแชแฎแแแ แแแ แแชแแ แ แแแแแแฃแ แ แฏแแฃแคแแแแก, แกแแแแฎแ แแ แแแแ แแแแฏแแแแแ แแแกแแฎแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแแแแแแแแแ แฅแแแแแแกแ แแ แแแแแแแแแก แกแแฅแกแฃแแแฃแ แ แแ แ แแแ แแแฃแฅแชแแฃแแ แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแกแ แแแแแกแแแฃแ แแแแแแก แจแแกแฌแแแแ, แแแ แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแฅแแแแ แคแแฅแขแแ แแแแก แแแแกแแแฆแแ แ แแ แซแแ แแแแแ แกแแแแแแซแ แกแแแแแฎแแแแก แแแแแแแแแ. แแแแแแแแแแแ: แแแแแงแแแแแฃแ แแฅแแ แแแแกแแแ แแแ แแแแแแแก แแแแแแ. แฉแแฆแ แแแแแแฃแแ แแแขแแ แแแฃ แฉแแขแแ แแ แกแแแแฎแ แแ แแแแ แแแแฏแแแแแ แแแกแแฎแแแแแแ แแญแแแ แแ แแแกแแฎแแแแฃแแ แ แแแแแแแแจแ (แกแแแชแฎแ-แฏแแแแฎแแแ แแ แฅแแแแ แฅแแ แแแ) แแแกแแฅแแแแฃแ แแฅแแแแแแแ (แแแแแแแแแแ, แแฏแแฎแแก แแฅแแแ/แแแ แแแแแขแ). แแแแฃแจแแแแ แกแขแแขแแกแขแแแฃแ แ แแแคแแ แแแชแแ แแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแขแ แแแแก แแ แแแแฃแแ แชแแแขแ แแแแ แแ แกแขแแขแแกแขแแแแก แแ แแแแฃแแ แกแแแกแแฎแฃแ แแแแ. แจแแแแแแแ, แแแกแแฃแกแแ: แแแแแแแ แแฉแแแแ, แ แแ แแ แแแ แแแแแแฃแ แฏแแฃแคแจแ แฅแแแแแแก แแแแ แกแแแฃแแแ แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแ แฃแแแ แแ แแแ แแขแแขแก แแ แฌแแ แแแแแแแแก, แแแแขแแ แฎแจแแ แแ แแฅแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแฃแแ แแแแแ แแแแแ, แแแแแแแแแแแแก แแแแฌแแแแแแฃแแ แคแแ แแแแ. แแแแแ แแแ แแ แแฃแแขแฃแ แฃแแ แแแ แแแ แแแ แฎแจแแ แแ แแแแแขแแฃแ แแ แแแฅแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแกแแแแแแ. แแแแแแ แแฅแแก แกแแแแขแแแแแแก, แแแแแแแแแก แแฅแแแแกแแแแก แแแแแแแแก, แ แแช แแแแฏแแ แแแแแขแแแแกแแแแแช แแ แแก แแแแแแจแแ แแแฃแแ. แแแฎแแแแแ แฅแแแแก แกแฎแแฃแแแแ แแแ แแแขแแแแแแแก แฃแแฃแแแแแแงแแคแ แแ แแแแแฌแงแแแขแแแแแแก แแแฆแแแแก แแ แแชแแกแจแ แกแฎแแ แแแ แแ แฉแแ แแแ. แแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแ แแแ แฃแกแแก แกแแฌแแแแแฆแแแแแ แแชแ แแแ แแแขแแ แแกแ. แกแฅแแกแแแ แแแ แชแฎแแแ แแแแก แแแฌแงแแแแก แแ แจแแแแแกแแแแแก แแกแแแ แฃแแแขแแกแแ แแแแแแแ. แแฎแแแแแแ แแ แแกแ แฃแแฌแแแแแแแ แฅแแ แฌแแแแแแก, แแ แกแฃแแแแแก แ แแช แกแแคแ แแฎแแก แฃแฅแแแแก แแแแ แแ แแกแแแ แแแงแแคแแก แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแก. แแแฆแแแแ แแแแแ แแแจแแแแแแแแก แแแฉแแแแแแแแ. แแแฆแแแแ แจแแแแแแแ แแ แแฃแแแแ แแแ แแแขแแแแก แแแแคแแชแแแแขแ, แ แแแแแ แแฃแแขแฃแ แฃแแแ แฌแแฎแแแแกแแแฃแแแ แแ แแแแแจแแแแแแแ แแฏแแฎแแแแก แแ แกแแแแแ. แแแฎแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฃแ แ แฅแแ แฌแแแแแแแ, แ แแแแแแช แแ แแแก แจแแแแแแแแแแแแจแ แ แแชแแกแแฃแแ แแแแแขแแแฃแ แ แแจแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแ แแแแแ แแแแแชแแแแก แแ แแแแชแแ แแแแก แ แแกแแก. แแแแขแ แแชแแคแชแแแก แแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแแแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ แชแแแแ แแ แแแคแแ แแแ แแแฃแแแแ แแแแแแแ, แแแแแแแแก แแแแแ แ แแ แกแแแแแก แกแแชแแแแฃแ แ แขแแแฃ แแ แแแแกแแ แแแขแแฃแแ แแแแแแแแแแฃแแแแ. แแแฆแแแแ แฎแแแแแแฃแ แ แแแแ แขแแแแก แ แแชแฎแแ, แแแ แจแแ แแก แฎแจแแ แแ แกแแแแฅแชแแฃแ แ แแแแ แขแแแ. แแแฆแแแแ แกแฅแแกแแแ แแแ แแแแ แแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแก แแแแ แชแแแแแ, แฎแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ แแแคแแ แแแ แแแฃแแแแ แแแแแแแ. แแแกแแแแ: แ แแแ แกแแชแแแแฃแ -แแฃแแขแฃแ แฃแแ แคแแฅแขแแ แแแ, แฃแแแ แแขแแกแแ แแ, แแแแแแ แฃแแ แแแ แแแแ แแ แกแแฅแกแฃแแแแแแกแแแ แแแแแแจแแ แแแฃแแ แกแขแแแแ, แแแแแก แแงแแแแแก แฅแแแแ แกแแฅแกแฃแแแฃแ แแ แ แแแ แแแฃแฅแชแแฃแ แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแก. แแ แกแแแแแก แแแ แแแแแแแแ, แ แแแแแแแช แกแแแ แแแ แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแจแ แแชแฎแแแ แแแ แแแแแแ แแแกแแฎแแแแแแกแแแแก, แแฃแแชแ, แแแ แแแแฃแแ แแแแแชแแแแแแแแ แฃแแแแแแฃแ แแ, แ แแช แกแแแแแแ แฏแแฃแคแแก แกแแฅแกแฃแแแฃแ แ แแ แ แแแ แแแฃแฅแชแแฃแแ แฏแแแแ แแแแแแแก แแแกแแชแแแแ แแแแกแฎแแแแแแฃแแ แแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแก แแฃแชแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแจแแแแก
Hyperleptinemia May Protect From Cardio-Vascular Complications: A Small Georgian Study
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Leptin was assessed to play a coordinating role in obesity and its cardio-vascular complications, however the findings are conflicting and further clinical investigation is required. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of serum leptin with cardio-vascular risk factors in different body mass index and age groups.MATERIALS AND METHODS:รย One hundred and forty nine female patients were enrolled in the study and divided into groups according to body mass index (BMI) and age. Following measurements were carried out: height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure. Venous blood sample was obtained for plasma leptin, insulin, glucose and lipid profile analysis. Insulin resistance index was calculated for each patient. Body fat distribution was measured using Dual energy X-ray Absorbtiometry.RESULTS: The lowest leptin concentration was observed in overweight patients, the highest concentration was seen in obese patients. The difference between leptin levels were not observed in age groups. Leptin positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in obese and elder patients.CONCLUSION: Leptin might act as a preventive measure for cardiovascular complications only in the presence of sufficient amount of fat mass. Further studies are warranted in order to support these results
Melatonin Level Variations with Different Behavioural Risk Factors in Obese Female Patients
AIM: The role of behavioural factors and sleep duration and quality is important in the pathogenesis of obesity. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of behavioural risk factors on melatonin secretion in women.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In total, 120 female patients were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups according to the body mass index. Detailed history, anthropometric measurements, urine and blood samples were evaluated for each patient.RESULTS: Two groups significantly differed in weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and were 94.2 รยฑ 14.9 kg, 33.4 รยฑ 5.23 kg/m2 and 99.2 รยฑ 12.6 cm for the study group and 56.0 รยฑ 5.2 kg, 20.0 รยฑ 1.8 kg/m2 and 60.1 รยฑ 10.4 cm for the control group, respectively, sleep disruptions were detected in 48 patients from study group, with mean score 6.76 รยฑ 3.6, and only 10 patients were detected in the control group, with mean score 4.42 รยฑ 1.68. Eating disturbances were revealed in 66 patients from the study group and 21 patients from the control group. Melatonin levels were 17% higher in the study group, compared to control group.CONCLUSION: Higher melatonin levels in patients with obesity and concomitant behavioural impairments may be due to its protective effect to fight free radicals and to induce vasodilatation. Further studies are needed to confirm our finding
Etiologic factors related to unsatisfactory ThinPrep cervical cytology: Evaluation and potential solutions to improve
BACKGROUND:
In cervical cytology, the unsatisfactory rates for ThinPrep (TP) are slightly higher compared to SurePath. We examined various causes and explored potential for resolution of this discrepancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Totally, 19,422 cases were reviewed and 1000 unsatisfactory specimens were selected and analyzed. 531 specimens were available for wash protocol. Out of 114 unsatisfactory specimens associated with atrophic cellular changes (ACC), 48 were resubmitted by provider and reevaluated.
RESULTS:
Lubricant and lubricant-like debris/contamination (LUBE) was the most common cause of unsatisfactory specimens (68%; 681/1000) followed by blood (7.5%); ACC only (without other interfering factors) (2.4%); inflammation (3.0%); and combinations thereof (1.9%). 11.5% showed scant cellularity without an identifiable cause. 3.3% were virtually acellular. Wash protocol improved cellularity in 48% (256/531) of cases. However, only 29% (73/256) of those were satisfactory (with more than 5000 cells). Quantitative reduction in LUBE after wash protocol varied with different morphological subtypes. Interpretation patterns on satisfactory specimens after wash protocol were comparable to the results on selected cohort of specimens during the same study period. Out of 114 ACC, wash protocol was performed on 68 ACC specimens leading to satisfactory TP in 24% (16/68). Totally, 48 cases reported as unsatisfactory with ACC, were resubmitted by the providers between 2 weeks and 2 years. 44 (92%) showed increased cellularity, out of which 52% (23/44) did not show ACC.
CONCLUSION:
LUBE was the most common cause of unsatisfactory TP in addition to interference by blood and association with atrophic changes. Knowing the morphological spectrum of LUBE would help to identify it as the cause of unsatisfactory TP. Communicating the cause of unsatisfactory TP such as LUBE, ACC, and blood would hint the provider to take appropriate precaution during submission of the repeat specimen, leading to improved patient care
Diagnostic utility of snail in metaplastic breast carcinoma
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare subtype of breast cancer characterized by coexistence of carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. Snail is a nuclear transcription factor incriminated in the transition of epithelial to mesenchymal differentiation of breast cancer. Aberrant Snail expression results in lost expression of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, an event associated with changes in epithelial architecture and invasive growth. We aimed to identify the utility of Snail, and of traditional immunohistochemical markers, in accurate MBC classification and to evaluate clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome