41 research outputs found

    Credit Constraints and Aggregate Economic Activity Over the Business Cycles

    Full text link
    The paper examines that imperfections in financial markets are themselves a source of macroeconomic fluctuations. Small, temporary shocks to technology or income distribution can generate large fluctuations in output and asset prices and spill over to other sectors. The work is based on the original model by Kiyotaki and Moore (1997). This paper will simulate a one-unit technology shock and study the propagation through the credit channel, evaluating its quantitative impact. While in the Kiyotaki-Moore model there is a linear production function used, we will try to do the derivation using the non-linear function and analyze how it changes the previously obtained result

    แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜

    Get PDF
    Introduction: The health of women of reproductive age is influenced by social determinants, including economic status, religion, education, employment, and living conditions. Ethnic minority women and girls face additional challenges due to cultural differences, religion, language barriers, ethnic identity, and the stigma associated with their identity. The purpose of our research is to study the characteristics of sexual and reproductive health of women and girls from small ethnic groups, the Armenian and Azerbaijani populations living in Georgia, to determine the factors affecting their health, and to outline the main key issues. Methodology: qualitative research methods were used. An in-depth interview was conducted with doctors (gynecologists, family doctors, and therapists) employed in densely populated regions with Armenian and Azerbaijani populations (Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli). Statistical information from the National Center for Disease Control and the National Statistical Service was processed. Results and discussion: the study showed that women in both ethnic groups do not prioritize their own health, so delayed referrals to doctors and aggravated forms of the disease are frequent. Language and cultural barriers often negatively affect the outcome of the disease. There is hiding of symptoms and diagnosis from the doctor, which is sometimes related to identity. There is neglect of women\u27s bodily autonomy and interference by other people in the decision-making process. Interest in the human papillomavirus vaccine is low. The age of initiation of sexual life and childbearing is mostly low. We encounter marriages of minors and pregnancy, which endangers their health as well as the health of the fetus. The stillbirth rate is high. Birth rates and natural increase rates are high because large families are culturally encouraged. Consanguineous marriages occur, which increases the risk of provoking the inheritance of recessive genetic disorders in the offspring. Knowledge and awareness about modern methods of contraception are low; there is a social taboo and a conservative attitude towards condoms. The number of artificial abortions is high, including the selective abortions. The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases is high, and awareness about these diseases is low. Conclusion: A number of socio-cultural factors, mainly gender norms, and stigma related to sexuality, harm women\u27s sexual and reproductive health. While some circumstances are common to the general population living in Georgia, other experiences are unique, indicating the necessity for distinct approaches to protect the sexual and reproductive health of the target group.แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜: แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒš แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ. แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ: แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜. แƒฉแƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃ แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ (แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒชแƒฎแƒ”-แƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜) แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ (แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜/แƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ•แƒขแƒ˜). แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ: แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒ—แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ  แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ–แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒก แƒแƒ  แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ–แƒ”. แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜. แƒกแƒฅแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒกแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฌแƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ,  แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒฃ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒฅแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒ›  แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒ•แƒœแƒ: แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ -แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ›แƒ, แƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก

    Hyperleptinemia May Protect From Cardio-Vascular Complications: A Small Georgian Study

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND AND AIM: Leptin was assessed to play a coordinating role in obesity and its cardio-vascular complications, however the findings are conflicting and further clinical investigation is required. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of serum leptin with cardio-vascular risk factors in different body mass index and age groups.MATERIALS AND METHODS:ร‚ย  One hundred and forty nine female patients were enrolled in the study and divided into groups according to body mass index (BMI) and age. Following measurements were carried out: height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure. Venous blood sample was obtained for plasma leptin, insulin, glucose and lipid profile analysis. Insulin resistance index was calculated for each patient. Body fat distribution was measured using Dual energy X-ray Absorbtiometry.RESULTS: The lowest leptin concentration was observed in overweight patients, the highest concentration was seen in obese patients. The difference between leptin levels were not observed in age groups. Leptin positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in obese and elder patients.CONCLUSION: Leptin might act as a preventive measure for cardiovascular complications only in the presence of sufficient amount of fat mass. Further studies are warranted in order to support these results

    Melatonin Level Variations with Different Behavioural Risk Factors in Obese Female Patients

    Get PDF
    AIM: The role of behavioural factors and sleep duration and quality is important in the pathogenesis of obesity. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of behavioural risk factors on melatonin secretion in women.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In total, 120 female patients were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups according to the body mass index. Detailed history, anthropometric measurements, urine and blood samples were evaluated for each patient.RESULTS: Two groups significantly differed in weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and were 94.2 ร‚ยฑ 14.9 kg, 33.4 ร‚ยฑ 5.23 kg/m2 and 99.2 ร‚ยฑ 12.6 cm for the study group and 56.0 ร‚ยฑ 5.2 kg, 20.0 ร‚ยฑ 1.8 kg/m2 and 60.1 ร‚ยฑ 10.4 cm for the control group, respectively, sleep disruptions were detected in 48 patients from study group, with mean score 6.76 ร‚ยฑ 3.6, and only 10 patients were detected in the control group, with mean score 4.42 ร‚ยฑ 1.68. Eating disturbances were revealed in 66 patients from the study group and 21 patients from the control group. Melatonin levels were 17% higher in the study group, compared to control group.CONCLUSION: Higher melatonin levels in patients with obesity and concomitant behavioural impairments may be due to its protective effect to fight free radicals and to induce vasodilatation. Further studies are needed to confirm our finding

    Etiologic factors related to unsatisfactory ThinPrep cervical cytology: Evaluation and potential solutions to improve

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: In cervical cytology, the unsatisfactory rates for ThinPrep (TP) are slightly higher compared to SurePath. We examined various causes and explored potential for resolution of this discrepancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally, 19,422 cases were reviewed and 1000 unsatisfactory specimens were selected and analyzed. 531 specimens were available for wash protocol. Out of 114 unsatisfactory specimens associated with atrophic cellular changes (ACC), 48 were resubmitted by provider and reevaluated. RESULTS: Lubricant and lubricant-like debris/contamination (LUBE) was the most common cause of unsatisfactory specimens (68%; 681/1000) followed by blood (7.5%); ACC only (without other interfering factors) (2.4%); inflammation (3.0%); and combinations thereof (1.9%). 11.5% showed scant cellularity without an identifiable cause. 3.3% were virtually acellular. Wash protocol improved cellularity in 48% (256/531) of cases. However, only 29% (73/256) of those were satisfactory (with more than 5000 cells). Quantitative reduction in LUBE after wash protocol varied with different morphological subtypes. Interpretation patterns on satisfactory specimens after wash protocol were comparable to the results on selected cohort of specimens during the same study period. Out of 114 ACC, wash protocol was performed on 68 ACC specimens leading to satisfactory TP in 24% (16/68). Totally, 48 cases reported as unsatisfactory with ACC, were resubmitted by the providers between 2 weeks and 2 years. 44 (92%) showed increased cellularity, out of which 52% (23/44) did not show ACC. CONCLUSION: LUBE was the most common cause of unsatisfactory TP in addition to interference by blood and association with atrophic changes. Knowing the morphological spectrum of LUBE would help to identify it as the cause of unsatisfactory TP. Communicating the cause of unsatisfactory TP such as LUBE, ACC, and blood would hint the provider to take appropriate precaution during submission of the repeat specimen, leading to improved patient care

    Diagnostic utility of snail in metaplastic breast carcinoma

    Get PDF
    Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare subtype of breast cancer characterized by coexistence of carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. Snail is a nuclear transcription factor incriminated in the transition of epithelial to mesenchymal differentiation of breast cancer. Aberrant Snail expression results in lost expression of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, an event associated with changes in epithelial architecture and invasive growth. We aimed to identify the utility of Snail, and of traditional immunohistochemical markers, in accurate MBC classification and to evaluate clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome
    corecore