Temporal relationships between happiness and psychiatric disorders and their symptom severity in a large cohort study: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)

Background Notwithstanding the firmly established cross-sectional association of happiness with psychiatric disorders and their symptom severity, little is known about their temporal relationships. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether happiness is predictive of subsequent psychiatric disorders and symptom severity (and vice versa). Moreover, it was examined whether changes in happiness co-occur with changes in psychiatric disorder status and symptom severity. Methods In the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), happiness (SRH: Self-Rated Happiness scale), depressive and social anxiety disorder (CIDI: Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument) and depressive and anxiety symptom severity (IDS: Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; and FQ: Fear Questionnaire) were measured in 1816 adults over a three-year period. Moreover, we focused on occurrence and remittance of 6-month recency Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Social Anxiety Disorders (SAD) as the two disorders most intertwined with subjective happiness. Results Interindividual differences in happiness were quite stable (ICC of .64). Higher levels of happiness predicted recovery from depression (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.10-1.80), but not social anxiety disorder (OR = 1.31; 95%CI = .94-1.81), as well as non-occurrence of depression (OR = 2.41; 95%CI = 1.98-2.94) and SAD (OR = 2.93; 95%CI = 2.29-3.77) in participants without MDD, respectively SAD at baseline. Higher levels of happiness also predicted a reduction of IDS depression (sr = - 0.08; 95%CI = -0.10 - -0.04), and BAI (sr = - 0.09; 95%CI = -0.12 - -0.05) and FQ (sr = - 0.06; 95%CI = -0.09 - -0.04) anxiety symptom scores. Conversely, presence of affective disorders, as well as higher depression and anxiety symptom severity at baseline predicted a subsequent reduction of self-reported happiness (with marginal to small sr values varying between -.04 (presence of SAD) to -.17 (depression severity on the IDS)). Moreover, changes in happiness were associated with changes in psychiatric disorders and their symptom severity, in particular with depression severity on the IDS (sr = - 0.46; 95%CI = -.50 - -.42). Conclusions Results support the view of rather stable interindividual differences in subjective happiness, although level of happiness is inversely associated with changes in psychiatric disorders and their symptom severity, in particular depressive disorder and depression severity.Stress-related psychiatric disorders across the life spa

Dentistry handbook

1999 handbook for the faculty of Dentistr

Do Attachment Style and Emotion Regulation Strategies Indicate Distress in Predictive Testing?

Predictive genetic testing for a neurogenetic disorder evokes strong emotions, and may lead to distress. The aim of this study is to investigate whether attachment style and emotion regulation strategies are associated with distress in persons who present for predictive testing for a neurogenetic disorder, and whether these psychological traits predict distress after receiving test results. Self-report scales were used to assess attachment insecurity (anxiety and avoidance) and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing) in adults at 50 % risk for Huntington’s Disease (HD), Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), and Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage With Amyloidosis - Dutch type (HCHWA-D), when they presented for predictive testing. Distress was measured before testing and twice (within 2 months and between 6 and 8 months) after receiving test results. Pearson correlations and linear regression were used to analyz

Traumatic experiences, family functioning and mood disorder development in bipolar offspring.

Stress and Psychopatholog

An integrated approach to understand biological stress system dysregulation across depressive and anxiety disorders

Background: Affective disorders involve dysregulation of major biological stress systems (hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA)-axis, immune system, autonomic nervous system (ANS)). Suchdysregulationshave rarely beensimultaneously examined across different stress systems.Methods: In the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (n=2789), we investigated whether current or remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorders (based on the CIDI semi-structured interview), including specific symptom profiles, were associated with separate markers and cumulative indexes of the HPA-axis (cortisol awakening response, evening cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test cortisol), immune system (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and ANS (heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period).Results: Depressive andanxiety disorderswere significantlyassociated with changes in three biological stress systemsincluding HPA-axis hyperactivity, increased inflammatory activity, and a higher ANS tone, particularly for integrative and cumulative indexes of these stress systems (pFDR <.05) vs. controls. The strongest associations were seen with current disorders andcumulative indexes of the HPA-axis (13=.124, pFDR=.001), the immune system (13 =.057, pFDR=.032), and total cumulative index across stress systems (13=.102, pFDR=.004). Atypical, energy-related depression severity was linked to immune system markers (pFDR<0.001), melancholic depression severity to HPA-axis markers (pFDR=.032), and anxiety arousal severity to both HPA-axis and immune system markers (pFDR<0.05). Findings were partially explained by poorer lifestyle, more chronic diseases, or (especially for ANS-function) antidepressant use. Limitations: Cross-sectional analyses limit examination of temporal associations.Conclusion: Patients withdepressive and anxiety disorders showed consistent dysregulation across biological stress systems, particularly for current episodes.To understand stress system functionality in affective disorders, an integrated approach capturing cumulative stress indices within and across biological stress systems is important.Stress-related psychiatric disorders across the life spa

Association between adolescent oral contraceptive use and future major depressive disorder: a prospective cohort study

Background Because of the widespread use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and the devastating effects of depression both on an individual and a societal level, it is crucial to understand the nature of the previously reported relationship between OC use and depression risk. Insight into the impact of analytical choices on the association is important when interpreting available evidence. Hence, we examined the association between adolescent OC use and subsequent depression risk in early adulthood analyzing all theoretically justifiable models. Methods Data from the prospective cohort study TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, among women aged 13-25 years were used. Adolescent OC use (ages 16-19 years) was used as a predictor and major depressive disorder (MDD) in early adulthood (ages 20-25 years), as assessed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV oriented Lifetime Depression Assessment Self-Report and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, was used as an outcome. A total of 818 analytical models were analyzed using Specification Curve Analysis in 534 adolescent OC users and 191 nonusers. Results Overall, there was an association of adolescent OC use and an episode of MDD in early adulthood [median odds ratio (OR)(median) = 1.41; ORmin = 1.08; ORmax = 2.18, p < .001], which was driven by the group of young women with no history of MDD (ORmedian = 1.72; ORmin = 1.21; ORmax = 2.18, p < .001). Conclusions In summary, adolescent OC use was associated with a small but robust increased risk for experiencing an episode of MDD, especially among women with no history of MDD in adolescence. Understanding the potential side effects of OCs will help women and their doctors to make informed choices when deciding among possible methods of birth control