178 research outputs found

    Laurent Bazin, Entreprise, politique, parentĂ©. Une perspective anthropologique sur la CĂŽte-d’Ivoire dans le monde actuel

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    S’inscrivant dans la ligne des travaux de Monique Selim et de GĂ©rard Althabe, Laurent Bazin se propose de mettre en lumiĂšre les rapports sociaux au sein d’une firme ivoirienne du secteur agro-alimentaire d’Abidjan. L’auteur cherche Ă  montrer que par rapport Ă  la sociĂ©tĂ© englobante, l’entreprise, champ social « dotĂ© d’une autonomie relative », est en rĂ©alitĂ© « enfermĂ©e dans le cadre idĂ©ologique d’une domination extĂ©rieure qui actualise l’imposition coloniale, Ă  la fois dans l’imaginaire et dan..

    Alain Testart, L’Esclave, la dette et le pouvoir

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    Alain Testart nous livre ici un prĂ©cieux ouvrage, dans lequel il rĂ©unit, aux cĂŽtĂ©s de quelques textes inĂ©dits, une sĂ©rie d’articles publiĂ©s entre 1997 et 2001 qui interrogent le phĂ©nomĂšne de l’asservissement Ă  travers le monde et les Ă©poques autour de deux pĂŽles distincts : l’esclavage et la mise en gage. Ce travail anthropologique novateur, qui se rĂ©vĂšle un outil dĂ©cisif pour tous ceux s’intĂ©ressant Ă  ces questions, repose sur une dĂ©finition exigeante des concepts et un comparatisme rĂ©solu a..

    De la « citĂ©-État » en Afrique noire

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    Dans cet article, on se propose de dĂ©finir la notion de « citĂ©-État » en Afrique qui, bien que requise par les historiens, mais de façon imprĂ©cise, est quasiment inutilisĂ©e par les anthropologues. Pour illustrer l’originalitĂ© de cette politie, nous avons pris l’exemple de la citĂ© de Kani Ă©rigĂ©e au dĂ©but du xixe siĂšcle par les Saman du pays dogon (Mali), une sociĂ©tĂ© guerriĂšre, musulmane et esclavagiste liĂ©e Ă  DjennĂ©, la vieille mĂ©tropole du Delta intĂ©rieur du Niger. AxĂ©e sur un centre intangible retranchĂ© du monde par une enceinte, la citĂ© dĂ©termine un arriĂšre-pays comme espace d’alliance et un outre-pays comme espace de prĂ©dation qui transcendent la gĂ©ographie politco-religieuse dogon Ă  travers une souverainetĂ© plus politique que territoriale. L’État, qui se manifeste notamment par le monopole de la force et l’existence d’une place publique, centrale et panoptique ne relevant ni des lignages, ni de la royautĂ©, ni de l’islam, instaure ici une citoyennetĂ© fondĂ©e sur une citadinitĂ© Ă  la fois rĂ©elle (Kani) et idĂ©elle (DjennĂ©), par laquelle tout homme adulte de statut libre, tout Saman, accĂšde Ă  la responsabilitĂ© juridique.On the “City-State” in Sub-Saharan Africa: Space and Politics among the Saman in Dogonland (Mali). – Though used but imprecisely by historians, the notion of a “City-State” in Africa is hardly ever used by anthropologists. Its originality is illustrated with the example of Kani, a city built in the early 19th century by the Saman of Dogonland (Mali), a Muslim warrior proslavery society closely related to Jenne, the old metropolis in the Inland Niger Delta area. With an intangible center walled off from the rest of the world, Kani had a hinterland that was a source of alliances and a farland that served as a raiding area. This geography transcended the political or religious Dogon territory by establishing a sovereignty that was more political than territorial. This state proved itself through both a monopoly over the use of force and the existence of a central, public, and “panoptical” square that did not depend on lineages, royalty or Islam. It established a citizenship based on belonging to the city. Thanks to this membership, which was both real (Kani) and ideal (JennĂ©), any adult freeman, any Saman, had a legal responsibility

    Southern African Large Telescope Spectroscopy of BL Lacs for the CTA project

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    In the last two decades, very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy has reached maturity: over 200 sources have been detected, both Galactic and extragalactic, by ground-based experiments. At present, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) make up about 40% of the more than 200 sources detected at very high energies with ground-based telescopes, the majority of which are blazars, i.e. their jets are closely aligned with the line of sight to Earth and three quarters of which are classified as high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects. One challenge to studies of the cosmological evolution of BL Lacs is the difficulty of obtaining redshifts from their nearly featureless, continuum-dominated spectra. It is expected that a significant fraction of the AGN to be detected with the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observatory will have no spectroscopic redshifts, compromising the reliability of BL Lac population studies, particularly of their cosmic evolution. We started an effort in 2019 to measure the redshifts of a large fraction of the AGN that are likely to be detected with CTA, using the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). In this contribution, we present two results from an on-going SALT program focused on the determination of BL Lac object redshifts that will be relevant for the CTA observatory

    Senegal: Presidential elections 2019 - The shining example of democratic transition immersed in muddy power-politics

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    Whereas Senegal has long been sold as a showcase of democracy in Africa, including peaceful political alternance, things apparently changed fundamentally with the Senegalese presidentials of 2019 that brought new configurations. One of the major issues was political transhumance that has been elevated to the rank of religion in defiance of morality. It threatened political stability and peace. In response, social networks of predominantly young activists, created in 2011 in the aftermath of the Arab Spring focused on grass-roots advocacy with the electorate on good governance and democracy. They proposed a break with a political system that they consider as neo-colonialist. Moreover, Senegal’s justice is frequently accused to be biased, and the servility of the Constitutional Council which is in the first place an electoral court has often been denounced

    A Solve-RD ClinVar-based reanalysis of 1522 index cases from ERN-ITHACA reveals common pitfalls and misinterpretations in exome sequencing

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    Purpose Within the Solve-RD project (https://solve-rd.eu/), the European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies aimed to investigate whether a reanalysis of exomes from unsolved cases based on ClinVar annotations could establish additional diagnoses. We present the results of the “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” reanalysis, reasons for the failure of previous analyses, and lessons learned. Methods Data from the first 3576 exomes (1522 probands and 2054 relatives) collected from European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies was reanalyzed by the Solve-RD consortium by evaluating for the presence of single-nucleotide variant, and small insertions and deletions already reported as (likely) pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants were filtered according to frequency, genotype, and mode of inheritance and reinterpreted. Results We identified causal variants in 59 cases (3.9%), 50 of them also raised by other approaches and 9 leading to new diagnoses, highlighting interpretation challenges: variants in genes not known to be involved in human disease at the time of the first analysis, misleading genotypes, or variants undetected by local pipelines (variants in off-target regions, low quality filters, low allelic balance, or high frequency). Conclusion The “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” analysis represents an effective, fast, and easy approach to recover causal variants from exome sequencing data, herewith contributing to the reduction of the diagnostic deadlock

    Leadership religieux, champ politique et vĂ©ritĂ© au Mali. L’exercice populaire de la critique publique chez Ançar Dine

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    Over the last few months, the Malian political situation has offered us an unprecedented, if not staggering, sequence in the national political game, through the emergence of an opposition that is both from below and outside the field: from below, insofar as it is (or aims to be) not only popular, but also outside the parties of the institutional opposition represented in the National Assembly; outside the field too, insofar as the leadership of this opposition is embodied by religious figures who - and this is where this sequence is unprecedented - have the street praying around the Independence Monument and are now demanding the resignation of the President of the Republic.Over and above the excellent political analyses that have documented the accelerated mutation of the Malian religious sphere, this paper will examine the ideological dimension of this transfer of competences from the political field, through a questioning of the regimes of moral legitimacy. To this end, we will characterize the relationship between religious leadership, the political field and "truth", based on the rhetoric of the Islamic movement Ançar Dine, which, for thirty years, has been forged outside the mosques and criticized both the religious and civil powers. At least until its spiritual guide, ChĂ©rif Ousmane Madani HaĂŻdara, was elected president of the High Islamic Council of Mali in 2019, thus moving from the social opposition of the religious to the religious institution of the social.Depuis ces derniers mois, la conjoncture politique malienne nous offre une sĂ©quence inĂ©dite, sinon sidĂ©rante, du jeu politique national, Ă  travers l’émergence d’une opposition Ă  la fois par le bas et hors champ : par le bas, pour autant qu’elle est (ou se veut) non seulement populaire, mais aussi hors des partis de l’opposition institutionnelle reprĂ©sentĂ©e au sein de l’Assemble nationale ; hors champs Ă©galement, dans la mesure oĂč le leadership de cette opposition est incarnĂ© par des figures religieuses qui, et c’est en cela que cette sĂ©quence est inĂ©dite, font prier la rue autour du monument de l’indĂ©pendance et exige dĂ©sormais la dĂ©mission du prĂ©sident de la RĂ©publique.Au-delĂ  des excellentes analyses politiques qui ont rendu compte de la mutation accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e de la sphĂšre religieuse malienne, cette communication interrogera la dimension idĂ©ologique de ce transfert de compĂ©tences du champ politique, Ă  travers un questionnement des rĂ©gimes de lĂ©gitimitĂ© morale. Pour cela, on caractĂ©risera la relation entre leadership religieux, champ politique et « vĂ©ritĂ© », Ă  partir de la rhĂ©torique du mouvement islamique Ançar Dine qui, depuis trente ans, s’est forgĂ©e hors des mosquĂ©es et a portĂ© la critique envers les pouvoirs religieux et civils. Tout au moins jusqu’à ce que son guide spirituel, ChĂ©rif Ousmane Madani HaĂŻdara, soit Ă©lu en 2019 prĂ©sident du Haut Conseil Islamique du Mali, passant ainsi de l’opposition sociale du religieux Ă  l’institution religieuse du social

    Esclaves et captifs au pays dogon. La société esclavagiste sama

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    International audienceLes Saman du Pays dogon (Mali) se prĂ©sentent comme une sociĂ©tĂ© guerriĂšre islamisĂ©e et 
 esclavagiste. À partir d'une conception de l'esclave commune au monde dogon - celui qui est "entrĂ© dans la main" d'autrui - les Saman ont mis en place un systĂšme de l'aliĂ©nation qui distingue l'asservi, l'esclave et le captif. Le jeu des patronymes formalise cette catĂ©gorisation et prĂ©figure le changement statutaire possible. L'asservi - l'Ă©tranger libre qui s'est mis volontairement au service de - conservera dĂ©finitivement son statut. En revanche, l'esclave - l'Ă©tranger achetĂ© ou capturĂ© - deviendra un homme libre et un alliĂ© matrimonial prĂ©fĂ©rentiel, en acquĂ©rant diverses conditions qui aboutissent Ă  la crĂ©ation d'un cousin croisĂ©. Quant au captif, il demeure statutairement et dĂ©finitivement un Ă©tranger capturĂ© affectĂ© au service de l'institution royale, oĂč il apparaĂźt symboliquement sous les traits d'un neveu utĂ©rin du roi, Ă  la fois gardien de l'institution et seul transgresseur possible
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