Contrôle intra normatif et contrôle ultra normatif de constitutionnalité contribution à l'identification des sous catégories du modèle kelsénien de justice constitutionnelle à partir des systèmes belge et béninois

The big categories of constitutional justice which were dedicated in doctrine are the American model (judicial review) and the kelsenian model. Several under categories were proposed to highlight the diversity of the kelsenian model of constitutional justice. But to see there closely, one subdivision enters “intra-normative control of constitutionality” and “ultra-normative control of constitutionality” could be right. Indeed, we realize that, in a classic way, when we evoke the control of constitutionality, we tend to reduce it to the conformity test of a legal rule with regard to the constitutional standard to notice its ( no) conformity. Yet (Now), it seems that several attributions of constitutional jurisdictions in the kelsenian model - besides the control of constitutionality of legal rules- can be exercise without passing by the conformity test of a legal rule with regard to constitutional standard. There is indeed control of constitutionality, but the element confronted with the constitutional rule is not any more a legal rule but a behavior, an abstention, an attitude, a fact, a breach, a situation, etc. … In this last case, it would be advisable then to speak about ultra-normative control of constitutionality. The highlighted of this internal duality in the kelsenian model of constitutional justice allows to examine with a new glance the reference standards as well as the status of the constitutional judge in the kelsenian model, who are influenced - or should be influenced- by the exercise by certain constitutional jurisdictions of the powers of ultra-normative control of constitutionality.Les grandes catégories de justice constitutionnelle qui ont été consacrées en doctrine sont le modèle américain et le modèle européo-kelsénien. Plusieurs sous catégories ont été proposées pour rendre compte de la diversité interne au modèle européeo-kelsénien de justice constitutionnelle. Mais à y voir de près, une subdivision entre contrôle intra normatif et contrôle ultra normatif de constitutionnalité pourrait s’avérer pertinente en la matière. En effet, on se rend compte que, de façon classique, quand on évoque le contrôle de constitutionnalité, on a tendance à le réduire à l’exercice de confrontation d’une norme infra constitutionnelle à la norme constitutionnelle pour constater sa conformité ou sanctionner sa non-conformité. Or, il apparait que plusieurs attributions reconnues à des juridictions constitutionnelles du modèle kelsénien - en plus du contrôle de constitutionnalité de normes- s’exercent sans passer par le contrôle de conformité d’une norme à la norme constitutionnelle. Il y a bien contrôle de constitutionnalité, mais l’élément confronté aux dispositions constitutionnelles n’est plus une norme, mais un comportement, une abstention, une attitude, un fait, une infraction, une situation, etc… Dans ce dernier cas, il conviendrait alors de parler de contrôle ultra normatif de constitutionnalité. La mise en exergue de cette dualité interne au modèle kelsénien de justice constitutionnelle permet d’examiner avec un nouveau regard les normes de référence ainsi que le statut du juge constitutionnel de type kelsénien, lesquels sont influencés - ou devraient l’être- par la reconnaissance à, et/ou l’exercice par certaines juridictions constitutionnelles des pouvoirs de contrôle ultra normatifs de constitutionnalité.(DROI 3) -- UCL, 201

Néphrectomie partielle versus élargie en cas d'envahissement de la graisse péri rénale (résultats oncologiques et fonctionnels)

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Effectiveness of Anticorruption Agencies in West Africa

This research assesses efforts in fighting corruption in six countries in West Africa with very different governance, macroeconomic, sociopolitical, and institutional characteristics: Benin, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone.Similar research has been undertaken by the Open Society Foundation's Africa Regional Office in Eastern and Southern Africa. The raison d'être was to carry out a comparative study which would examine the rationale underlying the successes and failures of agencies devoted to the prevention and combating of corruption, with the aim ultimately being to establish ways and means of strengthening anticorruption efforts on the African continent

Effects of Inhaled Fenoterol and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on the Respiratory Mechanics of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

BACKGROUND: During acute ventilatory failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), applying external positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPe) will reopen small airways and, thus, may enhance peripheral deposition as well as the physiological effects of inhaled beta-2 agonists

Kidney transplantation from expanded criteria donors: an increased risk of urinary complications. The UNyCORT* study

International audienceObjectives : To assess the impact of expanded criteria donors (ECD) on urinary complications in kidney transplantation.Patients and Methods : The UriNary Complications Of Renal Transplant (UNyCORT) is a cohort study based on the French prospective Données Informatisées et VAlidées en Transplantation/Computerized and VAlidated Data in Transplantation (DIVAT) cohort. Data were extracted between 1 January 2002 and 1 January 2018 with 1‐year minimum follow‐up, in relation to 44 pre‐ and postoperative variables. ECD status was included according to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) definition. The primary outcome of the UNyCORT study was the association between the donor’s ECD/standard criteria donors (SCD) status and urinary complications at 1 year in uni‐ and multivariate analysis. Sub‐group analysis, stratified analysis on ECD/SCD donor’s status and transplant failure analysis were then conducted. Results : Between 1 January 2002 and 1 January 2018, 10 279 kidney transplants in adult recipients were recorded within the DIVAT network. A total of 8559 (83.4%) donors were deceased donors and 1699 (16.6%) were living donors (LD). Among donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors, 224 (2.85%) were uncontrolled DCD and 93 (1.09%) were controlled DCD donors. A total of 3617 (43.9%) deceased donors were ECD. The overall urological complication rate was 16.26%. The donor’s ECD status was significantly associated with an increased risk of urological complications at 1 year in multivariate analysis (odds ratio: 1.50, 95% CI 1.31–1.71; P < 0.001) and especially with stenosis and ureteric fistulae at 1 year. There is no association with LD, uncontrolled and controlled DCD. The placement of an endo‐ureteric stent was beneficial in preventing urinary complications in all donors and particularly in ECD donors. Conclusion : The donor’s ECD status is associated with a higher likelihood of stenosis and ureteric fistulae at 1 year. Recipients of grafts from ECD donors should probably be considered for closer urological monitoring and systematic preventive measures

Comparison of machine perfusion versus cold storage in kidney transplant recipients from expanded criteria donors: a cohort-based study

International audienceBackground Most studies comparing the efficacy of hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) versus static cold storage (SCS) are based on short-term outcomes. We aimed to better evaluate the mid-term impact of HMP in patients receiving expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys. Methods The analyses were based on the French Données Informatisées et VAlidées en Transplantation (DIVAT) observational cohort. Patients aged ≥45 years transplanted for the first or second times from an ECD donor since 2010 were studied. Our study reported the graft and/or patient survivals and the incidence of acute rejection episode. The Cox models and the Kaplan–Meier estimators, weighted on the propensity score, were used to study the times-to-events. Results Among the 2019 included patients, 1073 were in the SCS group versus 946 in the HMP group. The mean life expectancy with functioning graft was 5.7 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4–6.1] for the HMP cohort followed-up for 8 years post-transplantation versus 6.0 years (95% CI 5.7–6.2) for the SCS group. These mid-term results were comparable in the patients receiving grafts from donors aged ≥70 years and in the transplantations with cold ischaemia time ≥18 h. Conclusions Our study challenges the utility of using HMP to improve mid-term patient and graft survival. Nevertheless, the improvement of the short-term outcomes is indisputable. It is necessary to continue technological innovations to obtain long-term results

The EKiTE network (epidemiology in kidney transplantation - a European validated database): an initiative epidemiological and translational European collaborative research

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation is considered to be the treatment of choice for people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, due to the shortage of available organs and the increase in the ESRD prevalence in Europe, it is essential to improve transplantation outcomes by studying the related prognostic factors. Today, there is no European registry collecting data to perform such clinical epidemiology studies. MAIN BODY: Entitled EKiTE, for European cohort for Kidney Transplantation Epidemiology, this prospective and multicentric cohort includes patients from Spanish (Barcelona), Belgian (Leuven), Norwegian (Oslo) and French (Paris Necker, Lyon, Nantes, Nancy, Montpellier, Nice and Paris Saint Louis) transplantation centers and currently contains 13,394 adult recipients of kidney (only) transplantation from 2005 and updated annually. A large set of parameters collected from transplantation until graft failure or death with numbers of post-transplantation outcomes. The long-term follow-up and the collected data enable a wide range of possible survival and longitudinal analyses. CONCLUSION: EKiTE is a multicentric cohort aiming to better assess the natural history of the ESRD in European kidney transplant recipients and perform benchmarking of clinical practices. The data are available for clinical epidemiology studies and open for external investigators upon request to the scientific council. Short-term perspectives are to extend EKITE network to other European countries and collect additional parameters in respect of the common thesaurus.status: publishe